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Panama 2015/2016 Zika Dengue Chikungunya EID


niman

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Dimelza Araúz1, Luis De Urriola1, José Jones, Marlene Castillo, Alexander Martínez, Edison Murillo, Leonidas Troncoso, María Chen, Leyda Abrego, Blas Armién, Juan M. Pascale, Néstor Sosa, Sandra López-Verges, and Brechla MorenoComments to Author 
Author affiliations: Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama (D. Araúz, M. Castillo, M. Chen, L. Abrego, S. López-Verges, B. Moreno, A. Martinez, B. Armién, J.M. Pascale, N. Sosa)Panama Ministry of Health Department of Epidemiology, Guna Yala, Panama (L. De Urriola)Health Center Guna Yala, Guna Yala (J. Jones, E. Murillo, L. Troncoso)
 

Acknowledgments

We thank the personnel of the Panama Ministry of Health for help with the epidemiologic surveillance program, all the personnel of the Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology for continuous technical support, and Publio González for his assistance with the maps and graphics.

This study was supported by the Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology and by project 09.044.051 from the Panama Ministry of Economy and Finance (S.L.V.). A.M., B.A., J.M.P., and S.L.V. are members of Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) of the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología, e Innovación (SENACYT) in Panama.

 

Edited by niman
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To the Editor: The earliest clinical cases of Zika virus infection were reported from continental South America in 2015 (1), after which the virus spread rapidly through the Americas (2). Here we describe an investigation of febrile or exanthematous illnesses for possible association with Zika, dengue, or chikungunya virus; these illnesses occurred in the Guna Yala region of eastern Panama, which borders northern Colombia (Figure).

We collected and analyzed a convenience sample of 276 serum samples and 26 paired urine samples from 276 patients who sought care at clinics in Guna Yala during November 27, 2015–January 22, 2016, for reported fever or rash of <5 days’ duration in addition to 1 of the following: headache, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, or conjunctivitis. We also collected data on clinical signs and symptoms, date of illness onset, age, sex, residence, and self-reported status of pregnancy.

At first, we performed real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) tests specific for dengue (3) and chikungunya (4) viruses. However, because all the samples received during the week of November 27 were negative for those viruses and Zika virus was being reported in Colombia as of October 2015, we also tested the samples with a flavivirus-specific rRT-PCR (5), followed by amplicon sequencing; or with an rRT-PCR specific for Zika virus (6).

Of the 276 patients whose samples were tested, 164 (60%) were female. A total of 22 (8%) samples were positive for dengue; 2 were positive for chikungunya. Of the remaining 252 patients, 50 (20%) had >1 sample that tested positive for Zika virus (50/252 serum samples, 4/26 paired urine samples). Of these 50 patients, 30 (60%) were female. Most of these patients reported illness onset during December 9–27, 2015 (Technical Appendix[PDF - 241 KB - 3 pages] Figure 1). Zika virus infection affected all age groups (median age 35 y, range 0.1–80 y).

The most commonly reported signs and symptoms were fever (86%), exanthema (72%), and headache (62%). The clinical characteristics of these infections showed no statistically significant difference with those associated with dengue and chikungunya virus infections and with cases found to be negative for all 3 viruses, suggesting that the negative cases could represent Zika virus infections (Technical Appendix[PDF - 241 KB - 3 pages] Table). One of the patients with confirmed Zika virus infection reported being in her second trimester of pregnancy; she underwent a fetal ultrasound at 36 weeks’ gestation, which was interpreted as normal, and the infant was found to have no neurologic defects at birth.

By using Vero E6 cells (American Type Culture Collection), we isolated Zika virus from 9 samples (8 serum, 1 urine). Phylogenetic analysis of 5 Zika virus sequences (a 428-nucleotide fragment encompassing a conserved region of the nonstructural protein 5 gene) placed these isolated (GenBank accession nos. KU724096–100) within the Asian lineage, the lineage involved in the spread of Zika virus in the Americas (Technical Appendix[PDF - 241 KB - 3 pages] Figure 2) (2,7).

By using molecular methods, we confirmed diagnoses in 27% of patients during this outbreak. The distribution of positive results suggests that Zika virus was the predominant etiologic virus in this cohort, but we cannot firmly conclude this because most specimens tested negative for Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses.

Although results from patient sampling and laboratory testing are not comparable, an assessment in Puerto Rico was able to detect Zika virus RNA by rRT-PCR or IgM by ELISA in 19% of 155 patients with suspected Zika virus infection (8). Despite the addition of IgM testing, most of the patients whose specimens were tested by rRT-PCR were negative for dengue and Zika viruses.

Several reasons might exist for the high proportion of specimens testing negative for Zika virus. Viremia is often low and short-lived in persons infected with Zika virus (7); the PCR test might not be sensitive enough; some patients with Zika virus infection may have sought care after the virus had been cleared from the blood and urine; our diagnostic capacity was limited by the lack of reliable serologic tests for Zika virus; and we did not test for other viral, bacterial, or parasitic causes of fever or rash illness.

The Panama Ministry of Health is following up with known pregnant women of the Guna Yala region who report Zika virus infection symptoms and is testing urine samples by using Zika virus–specific rRT-PCR within 14 days of symptom onset. Pregnant women confirmed to have Zika virus infection will receive ultrasound monitoring; however, the test has relatively low positive predictive value for detecting microcephaly (9). In Guna Yala, no symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome or other neurologic conditions have been detected; however, since January 2016, Zika virus has spread to other regions of Panama, and at least 1 case of Guillain-Barré syndrome has been reported (10). Our experience shows the challenge of diagnosing the causes of fever or rash by using only molecular methods, underscoring the need for diagnostic tools that are rapid and inexpensive but more sensitive and specific.

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Figure

Locations in the Guna Yala region of eastern Panama with confirmed cases of Zika virus infection during November 27, 2015–January 22, 2016. Inset maps show locations of Guna Yala in Panama and of Panama in the Americas.

Figure. Locations in the Guna Yala region of eastern Panama with confirmed cases of Zika virus infection during November 27, 2015–January 22, 2016. Inset maps show locations of Guna Yala in Panama and of Panama in the Americas.

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References

  1. Zanluca CMelo VCMosimann ALPSantos GISantos CNLuz KFirst report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz2015;110:56972DOIPubMed
  2. Hennessey MFischer MStaples JEZika virus spreads to new areas—region of the Americas, May 2015–January 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2016;65:558DOIPubMed
  3. Lanciotti RSCalisher CHGubler DJChang GJVorndam AVRapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol1992;30:54551.PubMed
  4. Lanciotti RSKosoy OLLaven JJPanella AJVelez JOLambert AJChikungunya virus in US travelers returning from India, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis2007;13:7647DOIPubMed
  5. Ayers MAdachi DJohnson GAndonova MDrebot MTellier RA single tube RT-PCR assay for the detection of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. J Virol Methods2006;135:2359DOIPubMed
  6. Lanciotti RSKosoy OLLaven JJVelez JOLambert AJJohnson AJGenetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis2008;14:12329DOIPubMed
  7. Lanciotti RSLambert AJHolodniy MSaavedra SSignor LDPhylogeny of Zika virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015.Emerg Infect Dis2016;22:9335DOIPubMed
  8. Thomas DLSharp TMTorres JArmstrong PAMunoz-Jordan JRyff KRLocal transmission of Zika virus—Puerto Rico, November 23, 2015–January 28, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2016;65:1548DOIPubMed
  9. Leibovitz ZDaniel-Spiegel EMalinger GHaratz KTamarkin MGindes LMicrocephaly at birth—the accuracy of three references for fetal head circumference. How can we improve prediction? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol.2015;2:23.PubMed
  10. World Health Organization. Guillain-Barré syndrome—Panama [cited 2016 Mar 29]. http://www.who.int/csr/don/29-march-2016-gbs-panama/en/
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GenBank accession nos. KU724096–100

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KU724096

GenBank: 998178886

  • This record has not yet been released. Please contact [email protected] with the publication details if the accession has been published.

LOCUS       KU724096                 726 bp    RNA     linear   VRL 11-JUN-2016
DEFINITION  Zika virus isolate 259249_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds.
ACCESSION   KU724096
VERSION     KU724096.1  GI:998178886
KEYWORDS    .
SOURCE      Zika virus
  ORGANISM  Zika virus
            Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA
            stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 726)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D., De Urriola,L., Jones,J., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.,
            Murillo,E., Troncoso,L., Chen,M., Abrego,L., Armien,B.,
            Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Febrile or Exanthematous Illness Associated with Zika, Dengue, and
            Chikungunya Viruses, Panama
  JOURNAL   Emerging Infect. Dis. 22 (8) (2016) In press
   PUBMED   27139219
  REMARK    Publication Status: Available-Online prior to print
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 726)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D. Sr., De Urriola,L., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.A.,
            Murillo,E., Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Direct Submission
  JOURNAL   Submitted (17-FEB-2016) Departament of Research in Virology and
            Biotechnology, Gorgas Institute For Health Studies Memorial
            Institute, Ave. Justo Arosemena 35th Street, Panama, Panama
            0816-02593, Panama
COMMENT     ##Assembly-Data-START##
            Assembly Method       :: Sequencher v. 4.5
            Coverage              :: partial
            Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing
            ##Assembly-Data-END##
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..726
                     /organism="Zika virus"
                     /mol_type="genomic RNA"
                     /isolate="259249_2015_Panama"
                     /isolation_source="serum"
                     /host="Homo sapiens"
                     /db_xref="taxon:64320"
                     /country="Panama"
                     /collection_date="11-Dec-2015"
     CDS             <1..>726
                     /codon_start=1
                     /product="NS5B"
                     /protein_id="AMK26952.1"
                     /db_xref="GI:998178887"
                     /translation="ISRFDLENEALITNQMEKGHRALALAIIKYTYQNKVVKVLRPAE
                     KGKTVMDIISRQDQRGSGQVVTYALNTFTNLVVQLIRNMEAEEVLEMQDLWLLRRSEK
                     VTNWLQSNGWDRLKRMAVSGDDCVVKPIDDRFAHALRFLNDMGKVRKDTQEWKPSTGW
                     DNWEEVPFCSHHFNKLHLKDGRSIVVPCRHQDELIGRARVSPGAGWSIRETACLAKSY
                     AQMWQLLYFHRRDLRLMANAICSS"
ORIGIN      
        1 attagcaggt ttgatctgga gaatgaagct ctaatcacca accaaatgga gaaagggcac
       61 agggccttgg cattggccat aatcaagtac acataccaaa acaaagtggt aaaggtcctt
      121 agaccagctg aaaaagggaa aacagttatg gacattattt cgagacaaga ccaaaggggg
      181 agcggacaag ttgtcactta cgctcttaac acatttacca acctagtggt gcaactcatt
      241 cggaatatgg aggctgagga agttctagag atgcaagact tgtggctgct gcggaggtca
      301 gagaaagtga ccaactggtt gcagagcaac ggatgggata ggctcaaacg aatggcagtc
      361 agtggagatg attgcgttgt gaagccaatt gatgataggt ttgcacatgc cctcaggttc
      421 ttgaatgata tgggaaaagt taggaaggac acacaagagt ggaaaccctc aactggatgg
      481 gacaactggg aagaagttcc gttttgctcc caccacttca acaagctcca tctcaaggac
      541 gggaggtcca ttgtggttcc ctgccgccac caagatgaac tgattggccg ggcccgcgtc
      601 tctccagggg cgggatggag catccgggag actgcttgcc tagcaaaatc atatgcgcaa
      661 atgtggcagc tcctttattt ccacagaagg gacctccgac tgatggccaa tgccatttgt
      721 tcatct
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Sequences producing significant alignments:

Select:AllNone Selected:0

Sequences producing significant alignments:
Select for downloading or viewing reportsDescriptionMax scoreTotal scoreQuery coverE valueIdentAccession
13101310100%0.0100%KU758877.1
13101310100%0.0100%KX247646.1
13101310100%0.0100%KU820897.2
13101310100%0.0100%KX087101.2
13101310100%0.0100%KU937936.1
13101310100%0.0100%KX156776.1
13101310100%0.0100%KX156775.1
13101310100%0.0100%KX156774.1
13101310100%0.0100%KX087102.1
13101310100%0.0100%KU501215.1
13051305100%0.099%KX262887.1
13051305100%0.099%KX247632.1
13051305100%0.099%KX198135.1
13051305100%0.099%KX056898.1
13051305100%0.099%KU955590.1
13051305100%0.099%KU870645.1
13051305100%0.099%KU922960.1
13051305100%0.099%KU922923.1
13051305100%0.099%KU820898.1
13051305100%0.099%KU740184.2
13051305100%0.099%KU761564.1
13051305100%0.099%KU497555.1
13051305100%0.099%KU647676.1
13051305100%0.099%KU312312.1
13011301100%0.099%KX280026.1
13011301100%0.099%KX197192.1
13011301100%0.099%KX059014.1
13011301100%0.099%KX059013.1
13011301100%0.099%KX051563.1
13011301100%0.099%KU509998.3
13011301100%0.099%KU991811.1
13011301100%0.099%KU926310.1
13011301100%0.099%KU853013.1
13011301100%0.099%KU853012.1
13011301100%0.099%KU729217.2
13011301100%0.099%KU707826.1
13011301100%0.099%KU501217.1
13011301100%0.099%KU501216.1
13011301100%0.099%KU365780.1
13011301100%0.099%KU365779.1
13011301100%0.099%KU365778.1
13011301100%0.099%KU365777.1
13011301100%0.099%KU321639.1
13011301100%0.099%KM078936.1
13011301100%0.099%KJ873160.1
13011301100%0.099%KJ776791.1
12971297100%0.099%KM078961.1
12961296100%0.099%KU926309.1
12961296100%0.099%KU527068.1
12961296100%0.099%KM078930.1
12941294100%0.099%KM078971.1
12941294100%0.099%KM078970.1
12941294100%0.099%KM078933.1
12921292100%0.099%KU940228.1
12921292100%0.099%KU940224.1
12921292100%0.099%KU729218.1
12921292100%0.099%KM078929.1
12831283100%0.099%KX117076.1
12781278100%0.099%KX253996.1
12781278100%0.099%KX185891.1
12781278100%0.099%KU963796.1
12781278100%0.099%KU955589.1
12781278100%0.099%KU820899.2
12781278100%0.099%KU744693.1
12741274100%0.099%KU179098.1
12741274100%0.099%KF993678.1
12691269100%0.099%KU681081.3
12691269100%0.099%KM851039.1
12601260100%0.098%KU866423.1
12511251100%0.098%KU955593.1
12511251100%0.098%JN860885.1
12511251100%0.098%EU545988.1
12381238100%0.098%KU681082.3
12381238100%0.098%KM851038.1
1227122794%0.099%KJ873161.1
11301130100%0.094%HQ234499.1
1059105981%0.099%KU985087.1
1043104380%0.099%KU556802.1
95595599%0.089%KF268949.1
95195199%0.089%KU963573.1
95195199%0.089%KU955594.1
95195199%0.089%KU720415.1
95195199%0.089%LC002520.1
95195199%0.089%KF383118.1
95195199%0.089%HQ234498.1
95195199%0.089%AY632535.2
95195199%0.089%AF013415.1
94694699%0.089%KU963574.1
94694699%0.089%KF383121.1
94694699%0.089%KF383119.1
94694699%0.089%HQ234500.1
94294272%0.099%KU232300.1
94094072%0.099%KU232290.1
93793799%0.089%KX198134.1
93393399%0.089%KU955595.1
93393399%0.089%KU955592.1
93393399%0.089%KU955591.1
93393399%0.089%DQ859059.1
93193172%0.099%KU232297.1
92692671%0.099%KU232298.1
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LOCUS       KU724097                 653 bp    RNA     linear   VRL 11-JUN-2016
DEFINITION  Zika virus isolate 259250_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds.
ACCESSION   KU724097
VERSION     KU724097.1  GI:998178888
KEYWORDS    .
SOURCE      Zika virus
  ORGANISM  Zika virus
            Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA
            stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 653)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D., De Urriola,L., Jones,J., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.,
            Murillo,E., Troncoso,L., Chen,M., Abrego,L., Armien,B.,
            Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Febrile or Exanthematous Illness Associated with Zika, Dengue, and
            Chikungunya Viruses, Panama
  JOURNAL   Emerging Infect. Dis. 22 (8) (2016) In press
   PUBMED   27139219
  REMARK    Publication Status: Available-Online prior to print
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 653)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D. Sr., De Urriola,L., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.A.,
            Murillo,E., Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Direct Submission
  JOURNAL   Submitted (17-FEB-2016) Departament of Research in Virology and
            Biotechnology, Gorgas Institute For Health Studies Memorial
            Institute, Ave. Justo Arosemena 35th Street, Panama, Panama
            0816-02593, Panama
COMMENT     ##Assembly-Data-START##
            Assembly Method       :: Sequencher v. 4.5
            Coverage              :: partial
            Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing
            ##Assembly-Data-END##
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..653
                     /organism="Zika virus"
                     /mol_type="genomic RNA"
                     /isolate="259250_2015_Panama"
                     /isolation_source="serum"
                     /host="Homo sapiens"
                     /db_xref="taxon:64320"
                     /country="Panama"
                     /collection_date="11-Dec-2015"
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LOCUS       KU724098                 648 bp    RNA     linear   VRL 11-JUN-2016
DEFINITION  Zika virus isolate 259060_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds.
ACCESSION   KU724098
VERSION     KU724098.1  GI:998178890
KEYWORDS    .
SOURCE      Zika virus
  ORGANISM  Zika virus
            Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA
            stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 648)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D., De Urriola,L., Jones,J., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.,
            Murillo,E., Troncoso,L., Chen,M., Abrego,L., Armien,B.,
            Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Febrile or Exanthematous Illness Associated with Zika, Dengue, and
            Chikungunya Viruses, Panama
  JOURNAL   Emerging Infect. Dis. 22 (8) (2016) In press
   PUBMED   27139219
  REMARK    Publication Status: Available-Online prior to print
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 648)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D. Sr., De Urriola,L., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.A.,
            Murillo,E., Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Direct Submission
  JOURNAL   Submitted (17-FEB-2016) Departament of Research in Virology and
            Biotechnology, Gorgas Institute For Health Studies Memorial
            Institute, Ave. Justo Arosemena 35th Street, Panama, Panama
            0816-02593, Panama
COMMENT     ##Assembly-Data-START##
            Assembly Method       :: Sequencher v. 4.5
            Coverage              :: partial
            Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing
            ##Assembly-Data-END##
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..648
                     /organism="Zika virus"
                     /mol_type="genomic RNA"
                     /isolate="259060_2015_Panama"
                     /isolation_source="serum"
                     /host="Homo sapiens"
                     /db_xref="taxon:64320"
                     /country="Panama"
                     /collection_date="29-Nov-2015"
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LOCUS       KU724099                 612 bp    RNA     linear   VRL 11-JUN-2016
DEFINITION  Zika virus isolate 259032_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds.
ACCESSION   KU724099
VERSION     KU724099.1  GI:998178892
KEYWORDS    .
SOURCE      Zika virus
  ORGANISM  Zika virus
            Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA
            stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 612)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D., De Urriola,L., Jones,J., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.,
            Murillo,E., Troncoso,L., Chen,M., Abrego,L., Armien,B.,
            Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Febrile or Exanthematous Illness Associated with Zika, Dengue, and
            Chikungunya Viruses, Panama
  JOURNAL   Emerging Infect. Dis. 22 (8) (2016) In press
   PUBMED   27139219
  REMARK    Publication Status: Available-Online prior to print
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 612)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D. Sr., De Urriola,L., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.A.,
            Murillo,E., Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Direct Submission
  JOURNAL   Submitted (17-FEB-2016) Departament of Research in Virology and
            Biotechnology, Gorgas Institute For Health Studies Memorial
            Institute, Ave. Justo Arosemena 35th Street, Panama, Panama
            0816-02593, Panama
COMMENT     ##Assembly-Data-START##
            Assembly Method       :: Sequencher v. 4.5
            Coverage              :: partial
            Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing
            ##Assembly-Data-END##
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..612
                     /organism="Zika virus"
                     /mol_type="genomic RNA"
                     /isolate="259032_2015_Panama"
                     /isolation_source="serum"
                     /host="Homo sapiens"
                     /db_xref="taxon:64320"
                     /country="Panama"
                     /collection_date="29-Nov-2015"
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LOCUS       KU724100                 528 bp    RNA     linear   VRL 11-JUN-2016
DEFINITION  Zika virus isolate 259043_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds.
ACCESSION   KU724100
VERSION     KU724100.1  GI:998178894
KEYWORDS    .
SOURCE      Zika virus
  ORGANISM  Zika virus
            Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA
            stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus.
REFERENCE   1  (bases 1 to 528)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D., De Urriola,L., Jones,J., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.,
            Murillo,E., Troncoso,L., Chen,M., Abrego,L., Armien,B.,
            Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Febrile or Exanthematous Illness Associated with Zika, Dengue, and
            Chikungunya Viruses, Panama
  JOURNAL   Emerging Infect. Dis. 22 (8) (2016) In press
   PUBMED   27139219
  REMARK    Publication Status: Available-Online prior to print
REFERENCE   2  (bases 1 to 528)
  AUTHORS   Arauz,D. Sr., De Urriola,L., Castillo,M., Martinez,A.A.,
            Murillo,E., Pascale,J.M., Sosa,N., Lopez-Verges,S. and Moreno,B.
  TITLE     Direct Submission
  JOURNAL   Submitted (17-FEB-2016) Departament of Research in Virology and
            Biotechnology, Gorgas Institute For Health Studies Memorial
            Institute, Ave. Justo Arosemena 35th Street, Panama, Panama
            0816-02593, Panama
COMMENT     ##Assembly-Data-START##
            Assembly Method       :: Sequencher v. 4.5
            Coverage              :: partial
            Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing
            ##Assembly-Data-END##
FEATURES             Location/Qualifiers
     source          1..528
                     /organism="Zika virus"
                     /mol_type="genomic RNA"
                     /isolate="259043_2015_Panama"
                     /isolation_source="serum"
                     /host="Homo sapiens"
                     /db_xref="taxon:64320"
                     /country="Panama"
                     /collection_date="29-Nov-2015"
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1.

Zika virus isolate 259249_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds

726 bp linear RNA

Accession:
 
KU724096.1
 
GI:
 
998178886
2.

Zika virus isolate 259250_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds

653 bp linear RNA

Accession:
 
KU724097.1
 
GI:
 
998178888
3.

Zika virus isolate 259060_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds

648 bp linear RNA

Accession:
 
KU724098.1
 
GI:
 
998178890
4.

Zika virus isolate 259032_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds

612 bp linear RNA

Accession:
 
KU724099.1
 
GI:
 
998178892
5.

Zika virus isolate 259043_2015_Panama NS5B gene, partial cds

528 bp linear RNA

Accession:
 
KU724100.1
 
GI:
 
998178894
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