niman Posted September 3, 2016 Report Share Posted September 3, 2016 LOCUS KX162586 93 bp cRNA linear VRL 31-AUG-2016 DEFINITION Zika virus isolate bruspCE63_15 polyprotein gene, partial cds. ACCESSION KX162586 VERSION KX162586.1 GI:1024848171 KEYWORDS . SOURCE Zika virus ORGANISM Zika virus Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 93) AUTHORS Favoretto,S., Araujo,D., Oliveira,D., Duarte,N., Mesquita,F., Zanotto,P. and Durigon,E. TITLE First detection of Zika virus in neotropical primates in Brazil: a possible new reservoir JOURNAL Unpublished REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 93) AUTHORS Oliveira,D., Favoretto,S., Araujo,D., Mesquita,F. and Durigon,E. TITLE Direct Submission JOURNAL Submitted (29-APR-2016) Microbiology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508900, Brazil COMMENT ##Assembly-Data-START## Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing ##Assembly-Data-END## FEATURES Location/Qualifiers source 1..93 /organism="Zika virus" /mol_type="viral cRNA" /isolate="bruspCE63_15" /host="Callithrix jacchus" /db_xref="taxon:64320" /country="Brazil" /collection_date="24-Nov-2015" Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 3, 2016 Author Report Share Posted September 3, 2016 LOCUS KX162586 93 bp cRNA linear VRL 31-AUG-2016 DEFINITION Zika virus isolate bruspCE63_15 polyprotein gene, partial cds. ACCESSION KX162586 VERSION KX162586.1 GI:1024848171 KEYWORDS . SOURCE Zika virus ORGANISM Zika virus Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Flaviviridae; Flavivirus. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 93) AUTHORS Favoretto,S., Araujo,D., Oliveira,D., Duarte,N., Mesquita,F., Zanotto,P. and Durigon,E. TITLE First detection of Zika virus in neotropical primates in Brazil: a possible new reservoir JOURNAL Unpublished REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 93) AUTHORS Oliveira,D., Favoretto,S., Araujo,D., Mesquita,F. and Durigon,E. TITLE Direct Submission JOURNAL Submitted (29-APR-2016) Microbiology - Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508900, Brazil COMMENT ##Assembly-Data-START## Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing ##Assembly-Data-END## FEATURES Location/Qualifiers source 1..93 /organism="Zika virus" /mol_type="viral cRNA" /isolate="bruspCE63_15" /host="Callithrix jacchus" /db_xref="taxon:64320" /country="Brazil" /collection_date="24-Nov-2015" CDS <1..>93 /codon_start=1 /product="polyprotein" /protein_id="ANC28274.1" /db_xref="GI:1024848172" /translation="LVMILLIAPAYSIRCIGVSNRDFVEGMSGGT" ORIGIN 1 ttggtcatga tactgctgat tgccccggca tacagcatca ggtgcatagg agtcagcaat 61 agggactttg tggaaggtat gtcaggtggg act Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 3, 2016 Author Report Share Posted September 3, 2016 Sequences producing significant alignments: Select:AllNone Selected:0 AlignmentsDownloadGenBankGraphicsDistance tree of resultsShow/hide columns of the table presenting sequences producing significant alignments Sequences producing significant alignments: Select for downloading or viewing reports Description Max score Total score Query cover E value Ident Accession Select seq gb|KX162586.1| Zika virus isolate bruspCE63_15 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX162586.1 Select seq gb|KX162585.1| Zika virus isolate bruspCE08_15 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX162585.1 Select seq gb|KJ776791.2| Zika virus strain H/PF/2013, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KJ776791.2 Select seq gb|KU820897.5| Zika virus isolate FLR polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU820897.5 Select seq gb|KX766029.1| Zika virus isolate R116265, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX766029.1 Select seq gb|KX766028.1| Zika virus isolate R114916, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX766028.1 Select seq gb|KX702400.1| Zika virus strain Zika virus/Homo sapiens/VEN/UF-1/2016, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX702400.1 Select seq gb|KX694534.1| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo sapiens/HND/R103451/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX694534.1 Select seq gb|KX673530.1| Zika virus isolate PHE_semen_Guadeloupe, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX673530.1 Select seq gb|KX447521.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0080_PF polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447521.1 Select seq gb|KX447520.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0016_PF polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447520.1 Select seq gb|KX447519.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0199_PF polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447519.1 Select seq gb|KX447518.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0117_PF polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447518.1 Select seq gb|KX447517.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0038_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447517.1 Select seq gb|KX447516.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0111_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447516.1 Select seq gb|KX447515.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0030_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447515.1 Select seq gb|KX447514.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0035_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447514.1 Select seq gb|KX447513.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0134_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447513.1 Select seq gb|KX447512.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0181_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447512.1 Select seq gb|KX447511.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0015_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447511.1 Select seq gb|KX447510.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0049_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447510.1 Select seq gb|KX447509.1| Zika virus isolate 1_0087_PF polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX447509.1 Select seq gb|KX266255.1| Zika virus isolate ZIKV_SMGC-1, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX266255.1 Select seq gb|KX601168.1| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo Sapiens/PRI/PRVABC59/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX601168.1 Select seq gb|KX576684.1| Zika virus vector pZIKV-ICD, complete sequence 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX576684.1 Select seq gb|KX548902.1| Zika virus isolate ZIKV/COL/FCC00093/2015 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX548902.1 Select seq gb|KX520666.1| Zika virus isolate HS-2015-BA-01 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX520666.1 Select seq gb|KX369547.1| Zika virus strain PF13/251013-18, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX369547.1 Select seq gb|KX377337.1| Zika virus strain PRVABC-59, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX377337.1 Select seq gb|KU866423.2| Zika virus isolate Zika virus/SZ01/2016/China polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU866423.2 Select seq gb|KU758877.1| Zika virus isolate 17271 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758877.1 Select seq gb|KU758876.1| Zika virus isolate 21068 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758876.1 Select seq gb|KU758875.1| Zika virus isolate 15042 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758875.1 Select seq gb|KU758874.1| Zika virus isolate 20114 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758874.1 Select seq gb|KU758873.1| Zika virus isolate 18246 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758873.1 Select seq gb|KU758872.1| Zika virus isolate 01170 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758872.1 Select seq gb|KU758871.1| Zika virus isolate 17170 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758871.1 Select seq gb|KU758870.1| Zika virus isolate 17160 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758870.1 Select seq gb|KU758869.1| Zika virus isolate 05211 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758869.1 Select seq gb|KU758868.1| Zika virus isolate 27229 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU758868.1 Select seq gb|KX280026.1| Zika virus isolate Paraiba_01, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX280026.1 Select seq gb|KX262887.1| Zika virus isolate 103451, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX262887.1 Select seq gb|KX253996.1| Zika virus isolate ZKC2/2016, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX253996.1 Select seq gb|KX247646.1| Zika virus isolate Zika virus/Homo sapiens/COL/UF-1/2016, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX247646.1 Select seq gb|KX247632.1| Zika virus isolate MEX_I_7 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX247632.1 Select seq gb|KX087101.2| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo sapiens/PRI/PRVABC59/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX087101.2 Select seq gb|KX198135.1| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo sapiens/PAN/BEI-259634_V4/2016, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX198135.1 Select seq gb|KX197192.1| Zika virus isolate ZIKV/H.sapiens/Brazil/PE243/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX197192.1 Select seq gb|KX185891.1| Zika virus isolate Zika virus/CN/SZ02/2016 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX185891.1 Select seq gb|KU937936.1| Zika virus isolate ZIKVNL00013 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU937936.1 Select seq gb|KX156776.1| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo sapiens/PAN/CDC-259364_V1-V2/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX156776.1 Select seq gb|KX156775.1| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo sapiens/PAN/CDC-259249_V1-V3/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX156775.1 Select seq gb|KX156774.1| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo sapiens/PAN/CDC-259359_V1-V3/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX156774.1 Select seq gb|KX101060.1| Zika virus isolate Bahia02, partial genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX101060.1 Select seq gb|KX117076.1| Zika virus isolate Zhejiang04, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX117076.1 Select seq gb|KX087102.1| Zika virus strain ZIKV/Homo sapiens/COL/FLR/2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX087102.1 Select seq gb|KX051563.1| Zika virus isolate Haiti/1/2016, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX051563.1 Select seq gb|KX056898.1| Zika virus isolate Zika virus/GZ02/2016 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KX056898.1 Select seq gb|KU509998.3| Zika virus strain Haiti/1225/2014, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU509998.3 Select seq gb|KU963796.1| Zika virus isolate SZ-WIV01 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU963796.1 Select seq gb|KU991811.1| Zika virus isolate Brazil/2016/INMI1 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU991811.1 Select seq gb|KU940228.1| Zika virus isolate Bahia07, partial genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU940228.1 Select seq gb|KU940227.1| Zika virus isolate Bahia08, partial genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU940227.1 Select seq gb|KU940224.1| Zika virus isolate Bahia09, partial genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU940224.1 Select seq gb|KU955593.1| Zika virus isolate Zika virus/H.sapiens-tc/KHM/2010/FSS13025, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU955593.1 Select seq gb|KU955590.1| Zika virus isolate Z16019 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU955590.1 Select seq gb|KU955589.1| Zika virus isolate Z16006 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU955589.1 Select seq gb|KU870645.1| Zika virus isolate FB-GWUH-2016, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU870645.1 Select seq gb|KU926310.1| Zika virus isolate Rio-S1, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU926310.1 Select seq gb|KU926309.1| Zika virus isolate Rio-U1, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU926309.1 Select seq gb|KU922960.1| Zika virus isolate MEX/InDRE/Sm/2016, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU922960.1 Select seq gb|KU820898.1| Zika virus isolate GZ01 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU820898.1 Select seq gb|KU740184.2| Zika virus isolate GD01 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU740184.2 Select seq gb|KU853013.1| Zika virus isolate Dominican Republic/2016/PD2, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU853013.1 Select seq gb|KU853012.1| Zika virus isolate Dominican Republic/2016/PD1, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU853012.1 Select seq gb|KU820899.2| Zika virus isolate ZJ03, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU820899.2 Select seq gb|KU729217.2| Zika virus isolate BeH823339 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU729217.2 Select seq gb|KU729218.1| Zika virus isolate BeH828305 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU729218.1 Select seq gb|KU761564.1| Zika virus isolate GDZ16001 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU761564.1 Select seq gb|KU744693.1| Zika virus isolate VE_Ganxian, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU744693.1 Select seq gb|KU497555.1| Zika virus isolate Brazil-ZKV2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU497555.1 Select seq gb|KU527068.1| Zika virus strain Natal RGN, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU527068.1 Select seq gb|KU686218.1| Zika virus isolate MEX/InDRE/14/2015 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU686218.1 Select seq gb|KU647676.1| Zika virus strain MRS_OPY_Martinique_PaRi_2015 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU647676.1 Select seq gb|KU501217.1| Zika virus strain 8375 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU501217.1 Select seq gb|KU501216.1| Zika virus strain 103344 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU501216.1 Select seq gb|KU501215.1| Zika virus strain PRVABC59, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU501215.1 Select seq gb|KU365778.1| Zika virus strain BeH819015 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU365778.1 Select seq gb|KU312314.1| Zika virus isolate Z1106031 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU312314.1 Select seq gb|KU312313.1| Zika virus isolate Z1106032 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU312313.1 Select seq gb|KU312312.1| Zika virus isolate Z1106033 polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU312312.1 Select seq gb|KU321639.1| Zika virus strain ZikaSPH2015, complete genome 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% KU321639.1 Select seq dbj|AB908162.1| Zika virus gene for polyprotein, partial cds, strain: ZIKV Hu/Tahiti/01u/2014NIID 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% AB908162.1 Select seq gb|JN860885.1| Zika virus isolate FSS13025 polyprotein gene, partial cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% JN860885.1 Select seq gb|EU545988.1| Zika virus polyprotein gene, complete cds 172 172 100% 7e-40 100% EU545988.1 Select seq gb|KU681082.3| Zika virus isolate Zika virus/H.sapiens-tc/PHL/2012/CPC-0740, complete genome 171 171 98% 3e-39 100% KU681082.3 Select seq gb|KU707826.1| Zika virus isolate SSABR1, complete genome 171 171 98% 3e-39 100% KU707826.1 Select seq gb|KU365780.1| Zika virus strain BeH815744 polyprotein gene, complete cds 171 171 98% 3e-39 100% KU365780.1 Select seq gb|KU365779.1| Zika virus strain BeH819966 polyprotein gene, complete cds 171 171 98% 3e-39 100% KU365779.1 Select seq gb|KU365777.1| Zika virus strain BeH818995 polyprotein gene, complete cds 171 171 98% 3e-39 100% KU365777.1 Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 3, 2016 Author Report Share Posted September 3, 2016 Common marmoset From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   Common marmoset[1][2] Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[3] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Callitrichidae Genus: Callithrix Species: C. jacchus Binomial name Callithrix jacchus(Linnaeus, 1758)[4] Geographic range Synonyms albicollis Spix, 1823 communis South, 1845 hapale Gray, 1870 leucotis Lesson, 1840 moschatus Kerr, 1792 rufus Fischer, 1829 vulgaris Humboldt, 1812 The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the Northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco,Alagoas and Bahia.[5] Through release (both intentional and unintentional) of captive individuals, it has expanded its range since the 1920s to Southeast Brazil (its first sighting in the wild for Rio de Janeirowas in 1929) and became there an invasive species, raising concerns about genetic pollution of similar species, such as the buffy-tufted marmoset (Callithrix aurita), and predation upon bird nestlings and eggs.[6] The whole-genome sequence of a female common marmoset was published on 20 July 2014.[7] It became the first New World Monkey to have its genome sequenced.[8]  Contents   [hide] 1Physical description and morphology 2Range and ecology 2.1Diet 3Behavior 3.1Social organization 3.2Reproduction and parenting 3.3Communication 4Status 5Genome 6References 7External links  Physical description and morphology[edit]  Drawing of a marmoset Common marmosets are very small monkeys with relatively long tails. Males and females are of similar size with males being slightly larger. Males have an average height of 188 mm (7.40 in) and females have an average height of 185 mm (7.28 in). Males weigh 256 g (9.03 oz) on average and females weigh 236 g (8.32 oz) on average.[9] The pelage of the marmoset is multicolored, being sprinkled with brown, grey, and yellow. It also has white ear tufts and the tail is banded.a healthy marmoset Their faces have black across there nose area skin and have a white blaze on the forehead.[10]The coats of infants are brown and yellow coats with the ear tuft developing later. As with other members of the genus Callithrix, the common marmosets have claw-like nails known as tegulaes on most of their fingers. Only their halluxes (big toes) have the flat nails or ungulaes that most other primates have.[11]Marmosets have an arboreal locomotion similar to squirrels. They can hang on to trees vertically and leap between them, as well as run across branches quadrupedally.[9][12] Tegulaes are an adaptation of this type of locomotion. Other Callithrix traits shared include enlarged, chisel-shaped incisors and specialized cecums for their diet.[9] Range and ecology[edit] Common marmosets are native only to east-central Brazil. They have been introduced into other areas and live within the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, Argentina.[13] Marmosets can be found in a number of forest habitats. They live in Atlantic coastal forests as well as semi-deciduous forests farther inland. They can also inhabit savanna forests and riverine forests.[14] Marmosets are successful in dry secondary forests and edge habitats.[12]  Common marmoset has white tufted-ears. Diet[edit] The common marmoset’s claw-like nails, incisor shape, and gut specialization reflect their unique diet which is primarily made of plant exudates and insects. Common marmosets feed on gum, sap, latex, and resin.[12][14] They use their nails to cling to the side of a tree and, with their long lower incisors, chew a hole in the tree.[15] The marmoset will then lick up the exudates or swoop them with the teeth.[16] 20-70% of the marmoset’s feeding behavior is made of eating exudates.[9][15] Exudates provide marmosets with a reliable food source in the marmoset’s seasonal habitat. They rely on these foods particularly between January and April, when fruit is not abundant. A marmoset may visit a tree hole multiple times; including those made by other animals. In addition to exudates, insects also prove an important food source for marmosets, making 24-30% of their feeding time. The small size of the marmoset allows them to subsist on insects, as well as stalking and ambush them.[14] Marmosets will also eat fruits, seeds, flowers, fungi, nectar, snails, lizards, tree frogs, bird eggs, nestlings, and infant mammals.[16] It is possible that marmosets compete for fruit with birds, such as parrots and toucans, and with woolly opossums.[16] Behavior[edit] Social organization[edit] Common marmosets live in stable extended families with only a few members allowed to breed.[17][18] A marmoset group can contain as many as 15 members, but a more typical number is nine.[16] A marmoset family usually contains 1-2 breeding females, a breeding male, their offspring and their adult relatives, be it their parents or siblings.[18] The females in a group tend to be closely related and males less so. Males do not mate with breeding females that they are related to. Marmosets may leave their natal groups when they become adults, in contrast to other primate species who leave at adolescence. Not much is known of the reasons marmosets leave their natal groups.[18] Family groups will fission into new groups when a breeding male dies.[19] Within the family groups, the breeding individuals tend to be more dominant. The breeding male and female tend to share dominance. However, between two breeding females, one is more dominant. In addition, the subordinate female is usually the daughter of the dominant one. For the other members, social rank is based on age.[17] Dominance is maintained though various behaviors, postures and vocalizations and subordinates will groom their superiors.[17]  Two marmosets Reproduction and parenting[edit] Common marmosets have a complex mating system. It was thought that they were monogamous, however both polygamy and polyandry have also been observed.[17] Nevertheless, most matings are monogamous. Even in groups with two breeding females, the subordinate female often mates with males from other groups. Subordinate females usually do not give birth to fit offspring.[20]Nevertheless, mating with extra-group males may allow the female to find potential mates in the future. Females that mate successfully but lose their young move to other groups and may gain dominant breeding positions.[20] The breeding individuals in a group need the other members to help raise their young. Thus the pair will behaviorally and physiologically suppress the reproduction of the other members of the group.[21][22] Since these suppressed individuals are likely related to the breeding pair, they have an incentive to care for the young as they share genes with them.[22] In addition, the presence of a related male affects female ovulation. Laboratory studies have shown that female ovulation does not occur when their fathers are around, but does occur when an unrelated male is there instead. They will also display aggressive behavior towards their mothers,[22] possibly to displace them. When conditions are right for them to breed, adult females breed regularly for the rest of their lives. Females flick their tongues at males to solicit mating. The gestation period lasts for five months, and females are ready to breed again around ten days after giving birth. There are five months in between each parturition and they give birth twice a year.[16] Marmosets commonly give birth to two non-identical twins. Because of this, females are under stress during pregnancy and lactation, and need help from the other members of the family.[12][16] Infant marmosets instinctively cling to their mothers back and do not voluntarily let go for the first two weeks. After that, they become very active and explore their environment.[16] The breeding male (likely the father) will begin handling the twins, and all members of the family will care for them.[23] In the following weeks, the young spend less time on their mother’s back and more time moving around and playing.[16] Infants are weaned at three months. At five months they enter their juvenile stage. At this time, they have more interactions with family members other than their parents, and there is rough play for to establish their future status. Another set of infants may be born and the previous young will carry and play with them.[23] Marmosets become sub-adults between nine and 14 months, act like adult and go through puberty. At 15 months, they reach adult size and are sexually mature but can not breed until they are dominant.[23] Communication[edit]  Common Marmoset in Zoo Hannover, Germany Common marmosets employ a number of vocal and visual communications. To signal alarm, aggression, and submission, marmosets use the "partial open mouth stare," "frown," and "slit-stare", respectively. To display fear or submission, marmosets flatten their ear-tufts close to their heads.[16] Marmosets have two alarm calls: a series of repeating calls that get higher with each call, known as "staccatos"; and short trickling calls given either intermittently or repeatedly. These are called "tsiks". Marmoset alarm calls tend to be short and high-pitched.[19] Marmosets monitor and locate group members with vibrato-like low-pitched generic calls called "trills".[24] Marmosets also employ "phees" which are whistle-like generic calls. These serve to attract mates, keep groups together, defend territories, and locate missing group members.[24] Marmosets will use scent gland on their chests and anogenital regions to mark objects. These are meant to communicate social and reproductive status.[16] Status[edit] The common marmoset remains an abundant species and are not currently threatened. Nevertheless, its habitat had been degraded at a large rate, with around 67% of the cerrado region cleared for human use in the 1990s and around 80% cleared for cultivation more recently.[25] In addition, marmosets are captured and traded as pets. Though popular as pets, they become difficult to control as they get older and are thus abandoned or killed.[26] Common marmosets have also been used for medical experiments. They are used as such in Europe more so than in the United States, and are the most common non-human primates to be experimented on.[27] They are used as model organisms in areas of research such as teratology, periodontal disease, reproduction, immunology, endocrinology, obesity, and aging.[27][28] Genome[edit] The genome of a female marmoset was published in 2014. It became the first non-human primate, among the New World Monkeys, to have its complete genome sequenced.[8] The genome size is 2.26 Gb, and contains 21,168 genes.[7] Segmental duplications added a total of 138 Mb of non-redundant sequences (4.7% of the whole genome), slightly less than observed in human[29][30] or chimpanzee (~5%),[31] but more than in orangutan (3.8%).[32] References[edit] Jump up^ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 131.OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. Jump up^ Rylands AB & Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW & Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6. Jump up^ Rylands, A. B., Mittermeier, R. A., Oliveira, M. M. & Keirulff, M. C. M. (2008). Callithrix jacchus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2 January 2009. Jump up^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale. (10 ed.). pp. 27, 28. Retrieved 19 November 2012. Jump up^ Macdonald, David (Editor) (1985). Primates. All the World's Animals. Torstar Books. p. 50. ISBN 0-920269-74-5. Jump up^ Brandão, Tulio Afflalo (December 2006). "BRA-88: Micos-estrelas dominam selva urbana carioca" (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. 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Primate Info Net. Retrieved 10 April 2009. View the Marmoset genome in Ensembl. [show] v t e Extant species of family Callitrichidae Categories: IUCN Red List least concern species Mammals of Brazil Callitrichidae Animals described in 1758 Primates of South America Endemic fauna of Brazil Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
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