niman

Table Detetections of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4 virus in wild birds, United States, December 30, 2021‒March 3, 2022* State Wild bird species No. clade 2.3.4.4 detections Alabama American wigeon 1 Connecticut Mallard 21 American black duck 9 Delaware American wigeon 1 Gadwall 1 Northern shoveler 5 American black duck 1 Florida Blue-winged teal 2 Georgia American wigeon 1 Gadwall 1 Kentucky Gadwall 4 Mallard 4 Maine American black duck 6 New Hampshire Mallard 49 New Jersey Mallard 21 North Carolina American green-winged teal 34 American wigeon 53 Gadwall 19 Mallard 14 Northern pintail 4 Northern shoveler 8 Wood duck 3 South Carolina American wigeon 7 Blue-winged teal 9 Gadwall 7 Northern shoveler 1 Tennessee Wood duck 2 Virginia American green-winged teal 2 Gadwall 1 Mallard 1 Total detections 292 *All samples collected were in conjunction with the US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services National Wildlife Disease Program.

Figure 2 Figure 2. Dabbling duck movements to and from North Carolina and South Carolina, USA, to and from other states or provinces in study of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4 virus, United States, 2021. Data are based on North American Bird Banding Program data collected during 1960–2021. Color intensities represent number of movements detected between a given state or province and North Carolina or South Carolina. Lines are positioned at the centroid of a given state or province. Bold border lines indicate administrative migratory bird flyways (from west to east: Pacific Flyway, Central Flyway, Mississippi Flyway, and Atlantic Flyway).

Figure 1 Figure 1. Maximum-likelihood phylogenic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene segment of the first sequenced set of wild bird isolates of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4 virus, United States, 2021. Red indicates US wild bird highly pathogenic detections, and blue indicates closest virus detected in Newfoundland, Canada. MAFFT alignment and RAxML trees were generated in Geneious 11.1.5 (https://www.geneious.com) and visualized in FigTree 1.4.1 (https://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk). Scale bar indicates average nucleotide substitutions per site.

Conclusions Although there has been intense focus on intercontinental movement of highly pathogenic AIV from Asia to the North American Pacific Flyway (10), viral movement by the trans-Atlantic pathway has been less clear (11). Data reported here, in combination with the recent highly pathogenic AIV findings in Newfoundland, Canada (9), suggest that wild bird surveillance captured the introduction of a Eurasian-origin highly pathogenic AIV into wild birds by the Atlantic Flyway of the United States. The potential introduction pathway probably includes wild bird migratory routes from northern Europe that overlap Arctic regions of North America and then dispersal farther south into Canada and the United States (12). Band recovery data showed that most dabbling ducks banded in the Atlantic Flyway are also recovered in the Atlantic Flyway, reinforcing the predominance of within flyway movement (13). However, data also show routine movement to other flyways, providing a potential mechanism of wider spread dispersal of the virus in North America. In addition, sequence data indicate that these viruses cluster closely with viruses found in Western Europe during spring of 2021 (Figure 1; Appendix). If viruses were exchanged between North American and Eurasian waterfowl on northern breeding grounds during spring and summer 2021, and then carried south during fall of 2021, these viruses might already be in multiple locations in North America (Figure 2). Because wild bird surveillance has recently been limited to the Atlantic and Pacific Flyways, introductions into the Central or Mississippi Flyways might have gone undetected. Additional detections in wild birds suggest these clade 2.3.4.4b H5 viruses continue to be transmitted (Appendix Table), and further dispersal might be seen once waterfowl migrate to summer breeding areas. Some findings of highly pathogenic AIVs in wild birds have been associated with repeated spillover of the viruses from domestic birds, which are where mutations to high pathogenicity primarily occur; however, in some cases, Gs/GD lineage viruses now appear to be maintained in wild bird populations (14). This potential adaptation of highly pathogenic AIV to wild birds highlights the need for continued wild bird surveillance. In addition, these findings demonstrate that targeted AIV surveillance in wild bird populations can detect newly introduced or emergent AIVs before spillover to domestic poultry. Advanced warnings from wild bird surveillance enable poultry producers to consider altering biosecurity in the face of increased AIV risk and also help inform zoonotic disease potential (15). Top Dr. Bevins is a research scientist at the US Department of Agriculture National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO. Her primary research interest is pathogen emergence from wild animals. Top Acknowledgments We thank Wildlife Services employees and collaborators at state wildlife agencies for contributing wildlife sampling expertise, hunters for participating in this large-scale effort, and staff at state and federal agency laboratories and at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency for providing contributions to this study. This study was supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service.

The Study Wild bird samples are routinely collected by the US Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program (National Wildlife Disease Program, US Fish and Wildlife Service permit no. MB124992 0) and screened for AIV in conjunction with the National Animal Health Laboratory Network and with the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (Ames, Iowa, USA) as part of a targeted AIV surveillance program in wild birds (6). Samples analyzed in this investigation came from routine wild bird surveillance activities in the US Atlantic Flyway and were primarily obtained from hunter harvest activities, live-trapping, and bird banding operations. These surveillance data, combined with bird band-recovery movement data, can shed light on AIV occurrence on the landscape, and findings in wild birds can act as an early warning system for spillover risk to poultry and humans (6). For these analyses, we initially screened wild bird samples by using an influenza matrix gene real-time, reverse transcription PCR. We then tested matrix gene presumptive positive samples by using H5 and H7 subtype-specific, real-time reverse transcription PCRs. Influenza A virus RNA from wild bird samples was amplified as described (7). After amplification, we generated cDNA libraries MiSeq by using the Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina, https://www.illumina.comExternal Link) and the 500 cycle MiSeq Reagent Kit v2 (Illumina) according to manufacturer instructions. We performed de novo and directed assembly of genome sequences by using IRMA version 0.6.7 (8), followed by visual verification in DNAStar SeqMan version 14 (https://www.dnastar.comExternal Link). For phylogenetic analysis, we downloaded sequences from GISAID (https://www.gisaid.orgExternal Link) and aligned in Geneious 11.1.5 by using MAFFT (https://www.geneious.comExternal Link), then generated trees by using RAxML (https://cme.h-its.orgExternal Link). We queried North American Bird Banding Program data (5) to find all records from 1960–2021 for 11 dabbling duck species targeted for wild bird surveillance. These species were American black duck (Anas rubripes), American green-winged teal (Anas crecca carolinensis), American wigeon (Mareca americana), blue-winged teal (Spatula discors), cinnamon teal (Spatula cyanoptera), gadwall (Mareca strepera), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), mottled duck (Anas fulvigula), northern pintail (Anas acuta), northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata), and wood duck (Aix sponsa). We then limited records for these species to only include birds that were either banded or encountered in North Carolina or South Carolina, USA, and >1 other state or province. As part of these routine surveillance efforts, we detected Gs/GD lineage clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic AIVs in multiple wild birds sampled in North Carolina and South Carolina during December 2021 and January 2022 (Figure 1). Genetic analyses showed that all virus segments were of Eurasian origin (99.7%–99.8% similar; Appendix) and have high identity with December 2021 AIV H5N1 findings in Newfoundland, Canada (Figure 1) (9). A sample was collected on December 30, 2021 from an American wigeon in Colleton County, South Carolina [A/American_wigeon/South_Carolina/AH0195145/2021(H5N1), GISAID accession no. EPI_ISL_9869760]. Immediately after this finding, there was an additional wild bird detection in South Carolina [A/blue-winged_teal/South_Carolina/AH0195150/2021(H5N1), GISAID accession no. EPI_ISL_9876777] and detections in neighboring North Carolina (Figure 1). Another 291 detections in wild birds occurred within 2 months, indicating high susceptibility to infection with a novel virus along with continued transmission and dispersal (Table). All birds were apparently healthy live-trapped or hunter-obtained dabbling ducks (Appendix Table). North American lineage AIV was not found in any of these samples. Analysis of North American Bird Banding Program data showed broadscale movement of waterfowl throughout North America. Across 11 species of dabbling ducks targeted in surveillance sampling that were historically banded or encountered in North Carolina or South Carolina (and subsequently or previously banded or encountered in another state or province), a total of 64.7% of bird movements were within the Atlantic Flyway, 33.6% of analyzed species were encountered in the Atlantic and the Mississippi Flyways, and 1.7% were encountered in the Atlantic and Central Flyways (Figure 2).

Influenza A viruses have a worldwide distribution, and wild birds are the primary wild reservoir. Many wild ducks in particular are often repeatedly exposed to and infected with these viruses (hereafter referred to as avian influenza viruses or AIV) with little to no sign of clinical disease (1), although highly pathogenic forms of the virus can sometimes cause illness and death in wild birds (2). Highly pathogenic lineage viruses identified in 1996 (A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 [Gs/GD]) have repeatedly spilled over from poultry to wild birds, and eventual emergence of highly pathogenic AIV Gs/GD clade 2.3.4.4 has led to more persistent circulation of these viruses in wild birds and high numbers of illnesses and deaths in poultry on multiple continents (3). One way to better understand AIV movement on the landscape or to identify routes of introduction of novel AIVs is through wild bird band-recovery data (4). These data have been collected as part of waterfowl management and conservation efforts in North America since the 1920s (5). Spatial locations of where birds are banded and later recovered are recorded and archived, providing data on wild bird movement. For waterfowl, recoveries primarily occur through banded birds being reported as part of hunter harvest activities.

Abstract We detected Eurasian-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus belonging to the Gs/GD lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, in wild waterfowl in 2 Atlantic coastal states in the United States. Bird banding data showed widespread movement of waterfowl within the Atlantic Flyway and between neighboring flyways and northern breeding grounds.

Volume 28, Number 5—May 2022 Dispatch Intercontinental Movement of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4 Virus to the United States, 2021 Sarah N. Bevins1 , Susan A. Shriner1, James C. Cumbee, Krista E. Dilione, Kelly E. Douglass, Jeremy W. Ellis, Mary Lea Killian, Mia K. Torchetti, and Julianna B. Lenoch Author affiliations: US Department of Agriculture National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (S.N. Bevins, S.A. Shriner); US Department of Agriculture National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins (K.E. Dilione, J.B. Lenoch); US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services, Columbia, South Carolina, USA (J.C. Cumbee Jr); US Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA (K.E. Douglass); US Department of Agriculture Veterinary Services, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.L. Killian, M.K. Torchetti) Disclaimer: Early release articles are not considered as final versions. Any changes will be reflected in the online version in the month the article is officially released. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/22-0318_article

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COVID-19 Summary Report (data updated as of March 24, 2022, 9:00 AM) Number of Persons with COVID-19301,687 Recovered 298,172 (99%) Deaths Attributed to COVID-19 2,445 (1%) Total Current COVID-19 Cases 1,070 Current Hospitalizations24 https://www.covid19.nh.gov/

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https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/633006d0782b4544bd5113a314f6268a/page/Page-1/

https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/oregon.health.authority.covid.19/viz/OregonCOVID-19Update/CaseandTesting

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https://cvprovider.nmhealth.org/public-dashboard.html

Aitkin County: 2,941 Anoka County: 98,094 Becker County: 8,758 Beltrami County: 11,951 Benton County: 13,976 Big Stone County: 1,379 Blue Earth County: 17,811 Brown County: 6,515 Carlton County: 8,838 Carver County: 26,521 Cass County: 6,983 Chippewa County: 3,068 Chisago County: 14,467 Clay County: 19,715 Clearwater County: 2,148 Cook County: 550 Cottonwood County: 3,210 Crow Wing County: 15,885 Dakota County: 109,450 Dodge County: 5,645 Douglas County: 10,848 Faribault County: 3,741 Fillmore County: 4,751 Freeborn County: 9,038 Goodhue County: 13,017 Grant County: 1,463 Hennepin County: 296,851 Houston County: 4,501 Hubbard County: 4,918 Isanti County: 10,063 Itasca County: 10,985 Jackson County: 2,138 Kanabec County: 3,478 Kandiyohi County: 13,389 Kittson County: 1,036 Koochiching County: 2,699 Lac Qui Parle County: 1,737 Lake County: 2,063 Lake of the Woods County: 763 Le Sueur County: 6,452 Lincoln County: 1,212 Lyon County: 7,031 Mahnomen County: 1,753 Marshall County: 2,080 Martin County: 5,566 McLeod County: 10,536 Meeker County: 5,918 Mille Lacs County: 7,206 Morrison County: 9,059 Mower County: 11,807 Murray County: 2,026 Nicollet County: 7,961 Nobles County: 6,929 Norman County: 1,489 Olmsted County: 40,563 Otter Tail County: 13,498 Pennington County: 3,532 Pine County: 6,987 Pipestone County: 1,983 Polk County: 8,830 Pope County: 3,023 Ramsey County: 123,409 Red Lake County: 930 Redwood County: 3,881 Renville County: 3,727 Rice County: 17,830 Rock County: 2,325 Roseau County: 4,460 Scott County: 40,007 Sherburne County: 27,174 Sibley County: 3,490 St. Louis County: 46,618 Stearns County: 50,634 Steele County: 10,286 Stevens County: 2,620 Swift County: 2,280 Todd County: 6,734 Traverse County: 850 Wabasha County: 5,547 Wadena County: 4,200 Waseca County: 5,472 Washington County: 66,508 Watonwan County: 2,973 Wilkin County: 1,653 Winona County: 12,638 Wright County: 36,417 Yellow Medicine County: 2,522 https://mndps.maps.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/f28f84968c1148129932c3bebb1d3a1a

Total Positive Cases 259,003 2,827.7 per 10,000 people Apr 2020Jul 2020Oct 2020Jan 2021Apr 2021Jul 2021Oct 2021Jan 2022 Cumulative Number of Confirmed Positive Cases 235,760 Cumulative Number of Probable Positive Cases 23,243 Cumulative Number of Long-Term Care Cases 3,661 Positive Cases by County County Positive Cases New Castle County 146,667 View New Castle County data Kent County 50,068 View Kent County data Sussex County 61,348 View Sussex County data Unknown 920 View more case data Data are current as of 6pm the previous day. Last update: 03/23/2022 State of Delaware Deaths Data Last Updated:03/24/2022 3:44 PM Total Deaths 2,836 22.9 per 10,000 people Apr 2020Jul 2020Oct 2020Jan 2021Apr 2021Jul 2021Oct 2021Jan 2022 Confirmed Deaths 2,565 Probable Deaths 271 Long-Term Care Deaths 931 View more death data Data are current as of 6pm the previous day. Last update: 03/23/2022 https://myhealthycommunity.dhss.delaware.gov/locations/state

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Mississippi investigates and reports both probable and confirmed cases and deaths according to the CSTE case definition. Confirmed Probable Total Cases 436,451 357,509 793,960 Deaths 8,146 4,223 12,369 Confirmed cases and deaths are generally determined by positive PCR tests, which detect the presence of ongoing coronavirus infection. Probable cases are those who test positive by other testing methods such as antibody or antigen, and have recent symptoms consistent with COVID-19, indicating a recent infection. Probable deaths are those individuals with a designation of COVID-19 as a cause of death on the death certificate, but where no confirmatory testing was performed. https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,0,420.html#highcase

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New Tests Administered 15,159 04/24/2020 ... 03/23/2022 New Positive Cases 238 11/01/2021 ... 03/23/2022 Positivity - All Tests 2.1 %7-Day Rate 03/11/2022 ... 03/17/2022 New Deaths 6Newly Reported Deaths Date of death between 02/28/2022 ... 03/23/2022 7-Day Average - 3 Deaths Total Confirmed COVID-19 Counts Total Tests Administered 19,335,592 02/26/2020 ... 03/23/2022 Total Positive Cases 1,689,919 02/26/2020 ... 03/23/2022 66,701 Statewide Reinfection Cases since 9/1/2021 Previously Reported Positivity - All Tests 2.2 %7-Day Rate 03/10/2022 ... 03/16/2022 Total Deaths 22,422 https://www.coronavirus.in.gov/indiana-covid-19-dashboard-and-map/ 03/16/2020 ... 03/23/2022

2,068,276 Confirmed Cases 601,422 CDC Expanded Case Definition (Probable) 2,669,698 Total Cases 113,572 Number of Hospitalizations in Ohio *37,793 Ohio Resident Deaths *37,725 Deaths in State of Ohio 13,365 Number of ICU Admissions **41.2 Cases per 100,000 <1-111 Age Range 38 Median Age 45%*** Sex - Males 54%*** Sex - Females LAST UPDATED 03/24/2022 ***1% OF SEX NOT REPORTED https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/home#:~:text=931%2C299,Sex - Females