niman Posted September 9, 2015 Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 Novel Kawasaki GII-17 Norovirus In Italy - Eurosurveillance http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=21222 Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 Eurosurveillance, Volume 20, Issue 35, 03 September 2015Rapid communication IDENTIFICATION OF THE NOVEL KAWASAKI 2014 GII.17 HUMAN NOROVIRUS STRAIN IN ITALY, 2015 MC Medici 1 , F Tummolo 1 , A Calderaro 1 , M Chironna 2 , GM Giammanco 3 , S De Grazia 3 , MC Arcangeletti 1 , F De Conto 1 , C Chezzi 1 , V Martella 4+ Author affiliations1. Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy2. Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro-Policlinico, Bari, Italy3. Department of Health Promotion Sciences and Mother and Child Care ‘G. D'Alessandro’, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy4. Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy Correspondence: Maria Cristina Medici ([email protected]) Citation style for this article: Medici MC, Tummolo F, Calderaro A, Chironna M, Giammanco GM, De Grazia S, Arcangeletti MC, De Conto F, Chezzi C, Martella V. Identification of the novel Kawasaki 2014 GII.17 human norovirus strain in Italy, 2015. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(35):pii=30010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.35.30010Received:24 August 2015; Accepted:03 September 2015 Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 Surveillance of noroviruses in Italy identified the novel GII.17 human norovirus strain, Kawasaki 2014, in February 2015. This novel strain emerged as a major cause of gastroenteritis in Asia during 2014/15, replacing the pandemic GII.4 norovirus strain Sydney 2012, but being reported only sporadically elsewhere. This novel strain is undergoing fast diversification and continuous monitoring is important to understand the evolution of noroviruses and to implement the future strategies on norovirus vaccines. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 During the winter season 2014/15, a novel GII.P17-GII.17 norovirus (NoV) strain emerged in Asian countries [1-4]. Since its emergence, this novel NoV strain, named Kawasaki 2014, has replaced the previously dominant GII.4 genotype Sydney 2012 variant in Asia, and it has been detected in a limited number of cases on other continents [1-5]. This epidemiological trend is also reflected in the GenBank database, with the vast majority of the Kawasaki 2014 GII.17 NoV sequences generated in studies from the Asian continent.Here we report the detection of the Kawasaki 2014 GII.17 strain during the 2014/15 winter season in Italy. As sequence information on Kawasaki 2014 GII.17 NoVs detected outside the Asian continent is limited [5], we determined the sequence of a large portion of the genome, including the full-length capsid gene of the GII.17 Kawasaki NoV strain circulating in Italy, and analysed the virus sequence with similar GII.17 NoV sequences available in the GenBank database. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 GenotypingThe NoV genome contains three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), while ORF2 and ORF3 encode the major capsid protein VP1 and a minor structural protein VP2, respectively [6]. NoVs are classified in at least six genogroups, GI to GVI [6]. NoV genogroups are further divided in various genotypes based on differences in the RdRp region (polymerase genotype, or pol type) and in the VP1 (capsid genotype, or cap type) [7]. NoV genotyping was performed using standardised sequence analysis web-based tools developed and maintained by the NoroNet [8]. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 Surveillance of noroviruses in ItalyThe Italian Study Group for Enteric Viruses (ISGEV; http://isgev.net) monitors the epidemiology of enteric viruses in children through hospital-based surveillance. A subset of about half of the NoV-positive samples is systematically genotyped in both region A (ORF1, RdRp) and region C (ORF2, capsid). From September 2014 to March 2015, NoV prevalence was 12% (137/1,144) and NoVs were typed in 81 cases (59%). GII.P17-GII.17 NoV strains were detected in two sporadic cases of acute severe gastroenteritis in young children hospitalised in February 2015 in two distinct Italian regions. Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 Sequence analysisUpon direct sequencing of the RT-PCR amplicons, the two strains, PR668/2015/ITA and BA603–6/2015/ITA, were found to be identical in the short diagnostic regions A and C. We determined the sequence of a large portion (3.2 kb) of the genome at the 3’ end for strain PR668/2015/ITA. Viral RNA was extracted from 140 µl of stool suspension using the QIAmp viral RNA kit (Qiagen, GmbH, Hilden, Germany). A 3’-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR) protocol was used to generate the 3.2-kb amplicon encompassing the 3’ end of ORF1, the full-length ORF2 and ORF3, and the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) until the poly(A) tail, using the reverse primer VN3T20 [9] and the forward primer JV12Y [10]. The RACE product was cloned and the sequence was determined. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA v. 6.0 [11].The 3.2-kb sequence of the Italian NoV GII.P17-GII.17 strain has been deposited in GenBank under accession number KT346356. The partial sequence of ORF1 (807 nt), and the full-length sequences of ORF2 (1,621 nt) and ORF3 (849 nt) of strain PR668/2015/ITA were analysed with NoV GII.P17-GII.17 sequences available in the GenBank database (Figure 1).Figure 1Phylogenetic analysis based on partial ORF1, full ORF2 and full ORF3 sequences of GII.17 norovirus, Italy, February 2015The Italian GII.P17-GII.17 strain is indicated in bold. Trees were built with the maximum-likelihood method, and bootstrapped with 1,000 repetitions. Bootstrap values > 80% are indicated. The scale bar indicates the number of nucleotide substitutions per site.The topology of the trees in the multi-target phylogenetic analysis was conserved, with the GII.P17-GII.17 Kawasaki 2014 NoV forming a monophyletic branch and further segregating into two genetic subclades. The first subclade containing the Italian PR668/2015/ITA strain clustered with GII.P17-GII.17 NoVs detected in China and Hong Kong during 2014 and 2015, and was genetically related (99.9%) to a GII.P17-GII.17 strain detected in the United States (US) in November 2014. The second subclade included GII.P17-GII.17 NoV detected in Japan and Taiwan during 2013 and 2014. The viruses of the two subclades showed a moderate degree of nucleotide and amino acid divergence in the ORF2 and ORF3 sequences (1–1.9% nucleotide and 0–0.4% amino acid differences in ORF1, 0.4–4.1% nucleotides and 0.9–6.2% amino acids in ORF2, and 0.5–3.3% nucleotides and 1–4.9% amino acids in ORF3). Interestingly, the GII.17 capsid sequences of the two genetic subclades differed markedly from the oldest GII.17 capsid sequence available in GenBank database, dating back to 1978 (23.3–24.8% nucleotide and 14.2–16.6% amino acid differences in ORF2, and 19.4–27% nucleotide and 22.1–22.9% amino acid differences in ORF3).Several changes in the VP1 sequence were observed between the two Kawasaki 2014 subclades, mostly, but not exclusively, affecting the antibody blockade sites, i.e. the putative epitopes (A-E) located in the capsid protruding hypervariable P2 domain (Figure 2). In the 543 amino acid VP1 protein, 17 amino acid changes (3.1% divergence) and four insertions separate the two Kawasaki 2014 subclades, while 38 amino acid changes (7% divergence) and several insertions/deletions separate the Kawasaki 2014 GII.17 NoV and the former GII.17 recombinant forms.Figure 2Amino acid substitutions in the VP1 sequence of norovirus GII.17 strains, 1978 to 2015The putative blockade epitopes A–E are indicated. The Italian GII.P17-GII.17 strain is indicated in bold. Dots indicate sequence conservation. Dashes indicate deletions/insertions of the amino acid residues. Amino acid numbering is based on the sequence of the C142 strain (JN699043). Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 DiscussionNoVs are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in both children and adults, with sporadic cases and outbreaks in various epidemiological settings [6]. Although more than 30 cap genotypes within genogroups GI, GII, and GIV may infect humans [7], a single genotype, GII.4, has been associated since the mid-1990s with the majority (ca 70–80%) of NoV-associated cases of gastroenteritis worldwide [12]. GII.4 NoV strains undergo a continuous process of genetic/antigenic diversification and periodically generate new strains via accumulation of point mutations or recombination, with one novel GII.4 variant emerging every two to three years [12,13] and becoming predominant globally. NoV vaccines based on GII.4 NoV strains are currently under development [14].In the winter season 2014/15, the GII.P17-GII.17 NoV strain Kawasaki 2014 emerged in Asia, replacing the previously dominant GII.4 genotype Sydney 2012 variant [1-4]. A signature of the Kawasaki 2014 variant is a novel pol type GII.P17, combined with a GII.17 ORF2 gene. Previously, NoVs with a GII.17 cap genotype possessed a GII.P4, GII.P3, GII.P13 or GII.P16 pol genotype [15-18]. Although being predominant in several Asian countries, this novel GII.P17-GII.17 strain has been detected in a limited number of cases on other continents [1-5]. The epidemiological trends exhibited by the Kawasaki 2014 NoV variant are considered unique, as, so far, this is the only non-GII.4 NoV strain to have shown such epidemic pattern. The emergence of the novel GII.P17-GII.17 NoV strain in the Asian countries has been associated with increased NoV activity, i.e. with increased incidence of NoV-induced acute gastroenteritis, in the 2014/15 winter season, compared to the previous (2013/14) winter season [1-3]. This pattern has been observed, but not consistently, during the worldwide spread of NoV GII.4 variants [19]. Based on current literature on GII.17 NoVs, there is no indication on the clinical severity of the novel GII.17 virus [1-5]. Likewise, our study did not assess whether Kawasaki 2014 NoVs are associated with increased severity of the clinical symptoms.Hospital-based surveillance for NoV identified the emergence of GII.P17-GII.17 strains in Italy at the end of the 2014/15 winter season, in February 2015. The viruses were genetically closely related to GII.17 NoVs identified in the US and Asia in 2014 and 2015 [3,5], forming a distinct subclade of the Kawasaki 2014 GII.17 NoV variant. Co-circulation of two subclades of Kawasaki 2014 GII.17 NoV with several amino acid changes in the putative capsid epitopes could suggest that this novel strain is undergoing fast diversification, mirroring what was seen globally for the epidemic GII.4 variants [12].In addition, the emergence and spread of the novel GII.17 variant Kawasaki 2014 could represent a challenge for the efficacy of the candidate NoV vaccines [14], that target the globally predominant GII.4 NoV, as it is not known whether vaccine immunity elicited to GII.4 NoV is cross-reactive with GII.17 viruses. Continuous monitoring of the epidemiology of human NoV is important to understand the evolution of NoV and to implement the future strategies on NoV vaccines.AcknowledgementsThis study was partly supported by the projects ‘Epidemiologia molecolare e studio dei meccanismi evolutivi di norovirus e rotavirus umani’, granted by the University of Parma, Italy (Fondi di Ateneo 2014) and ‘Norovirus: caratterizzazione molecolare ed epidemiologia’, granted by the University of Palermo, Italy (Fondi di Ateneo 2012). Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 References FuJ, AiJ, JinM, JiangC, ZhangJ, ShiC, et al. Emergence of a new GII.17 norovirus variant in patients with acute gastroenteritis in Jiangsu, China, September 2014 to March 2015. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(24):21157. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.24.21157 PMID: 26111236LuJ, SunL, FangL, YangF, MoY, LaoJ, et al. Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Caused by Norovirus GII.17, Guangdong Province, China, 2014-2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(7):1240-2. DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150226 PMID: 26080037MatsushimaY, IshikawaM, ShimizuT, KomaneA, KasuoS, ShinoharaM, et al. Genetic analyses of GII.17 norovirus strains in diarrheal disease outbreaks from December 2014 to March 2015 in Japan reveal a novel polymerase sequence and amino acid substitutions in the capsid region. Euro Surveill. 2015;20(26):21173. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.26.21173 PMID: 26159307de GraafM, van BeekJ, VennemaH, PodkolzinAT, HewittJ, BucardoF, et al. Emergence of a novel GII.17 norovirus - End of the GII.4 era? Euro Surveill. 2015;20(26):21178. DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2015.20.26.21178 PMID: 26159308ParraGI, GreenKY. Genome of Emerging Norovirus GII.17, United States, 2014.Emerg Infect Dis.2015;21(8):1477-9. DOI: 10.3201/eid2108.150652 PMID: 26196235Green KY. 2013. Caliciviridae: the noroviruses. In: Knipe, D.M., Howley, P.M. (Eds.), Fields virology, 6th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp. 949-9.KronemanA, VegaE, VennemaH, VinjéJ, WhitePA, HansmanG, et al. Proposal for a unified norovirus nomenclature and genotyping. Arch Virol. 2013;158(10):2059-68. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1708-5 PMID: 23615870Dutch Ministry of Health. Welfare and Sport. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). Norovirus Genotyping Tool Version 1.0. Bilthoven: RIVM. [Accessed 24 Aug 2015]. Available from:http://www.rivm.nl/mpf/norovirus/typingtoolWangQH, HanMG, CheethamS, SouzaM, FunkJA, SaifLJ. Porcine noroviruses related to human noroviruses.Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(12):1874-81. DOI: 10.3201/eid1112.050485 PMID: 16485473VennemaH, de BruinE, KoopmansM. Rational optimization of generic primers used for Norwalk-like virus detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.J Clin Virol. 2002;25(2):233-5. DOI: 10.1016/S1386-6532(02)00126-9 PMID: 12367660TamuraK, StecherG, PetersonD, FilipskiA, KumarS. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30(12):2725-9. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst197 PMID: 24132122Hoa TranTN, TrainorE, NakagomiT, CunliffeNA, NakagomiO. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants.J Clin Virol. 2013;56(3):269-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.11.011 PMID: 23218993SiebengaJJ, VennemaH, ZhengDP, VinjéJ, LeeBE, PangXL, et al. Norovirus illness is a global problem: emergence and spread of norovirus GII.4 variants, 2001-2007. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(5):802-12. DOI: 10.1086/605127 PMID: 19627248BernsteinDI, AtmarRL, LyonGM, TreanorJJ, ChenWH, JiangX, et al. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(6):870-8. DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu497 PMID: 25210140AyukekbongJA, FobisongC, TahF, LindhM, Nkuo-AkenjiT, BergströmT. Pattern of circulation of norovirus GII strains during natural infection.J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(12):4253-9. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01896-14 PMID: 25274996MansJ, MurrayTY, TaylorMB. Novel norovirus recombinants detected in South Africa.Virol J. 2014;11(1):168.DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-11-168 PMID: 25228444RackoffLA, BokK, GreenKY, KapikianAZ. Epidemiology and evolution of rotaviruses and noroviruses from an archival WHO Global Study in Children (1976-79) with implications for vaccine design.PLoS ONE.2013;8(3):e59394. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059394 PMID: 23536875WangYH, ZhouDJ, ZhouX, YangT, GhoshS, PangBB, et al. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis in Wuhan, China, 2007-2010. Arch Virol. 2012;157(12):2417-24. DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1437-1 PMID: 22886184VegaE, BarclayL, GregoricusN, ShirleySH, LeeD, VinjéJ. Genotypic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States, 2009 to 2013.J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(1):147-55. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02680-13PMID: 24172151 Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 Norovirus Hu/GII.P17_GII.17/PR668/2015/ITA RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (ORF1) gene, partial cds; and major capsid protein (ORF2) and minor capsid protein (ORF3) genes, complete cds BLAST: Sequences producing significant alignments:Select:AllNone Selected:0AlignmentsDownloadGenBankGraphicsDistance tree of resultsShow/hide columns of the table presenting sequences producing significant alignmentsSequences producing significant alignments:Select for downloading or viewing reportsDescriptionMax scoreTotal scoreQuery coverE valueIdentAccessionSelect seq gb|KR083017.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.17/Gaithersburg/2014/US nonstructural polyprotein (ORF1) gene, partial cds; and major capsid protein VP1 (ORF2) and minor capsid protein VP2 (ORF3) genes, complete cds59215921100%0.099%KR083017.1Select seq gb|KP998539.1|Norovirus GII.17 isolate GII/Hu/HKG/2014/GII.17/CUHK-NS-463, complete genome58755875100%0.099%KP998539.1Select seq gb|KR020503.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.17/41621/Guangzhou/2014/CHN polyprotein gene, partial cds; and VP1 and VP2 genes, complete cds58605860100%0.099%KR020503.1Select seq dbj|LC037415.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/JP/2015/GII.P17_GII.17/Kawasaki308 genomic RNA, nearly complete genome58365836100%0.099%LC037415.1Select seq dbj|LC043168.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/JP/2013/GII.P17_GII.17/Saitama5309 genomic RNA, nearly complete genome54895489100%0.097%LC043168.1Select seq dbj|AB983218.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/JP/2014/GII.P17_GII.17/Kawasaki323 genomic RNA, nearly complete genome54895489100%0.097%AB983218.1Select seq dbj|LC043167.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/JP/2013/GII.P17_GII.17/Saitama5203 genomic RNA, nearly complete genome54765476100%0.097%LC043167.1Select seq dbj|LC043139.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/JP/2014/GII.P17_GII.17/Nagano7-1 POL, VP1, VP2 genes for nonstructural polyprotein, capsid protein VP1, capsid protein VP2, complete and partial cds54725472100%0.097%LC043139.1Select seq dbj|LC043305.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/JP/2014/GII.P17_GII.17/Nagano8-1 POL, VP1, VP2 genes for nonstructural polyprotein, capsid protein VP1, capsid protein VP2, complete and partial cds54675467100%0.097%LC043305.1Select seq gb|KJ156329.1|Norovirus 13-BH-1/2013/GII.17 nonstructural protein gene, partial cds; and capsid protein and minor structural protein genes, complete cds5457545799%0.097%KJ156329.1Select seq gb|KP698930.1|Norovirus GII.17 isolate GII/Hu/HKG/2015/GII.17/CUHK-NS-511 viral protein 1 (VP1) gene, complete cds2959295949%0.099%KP698930.1Select seq gb|KP698928.1|Norovirus GII.17 isolate GII/Hu/HKG/2014/GII.17/CUHK-NS-491 viral protein 1 (VP1) gene, complete cds2953295349%0.099%KP698928.1Select seq gb|KP698929.1|Norovirus GII.17 isolate GII/Hu/HKG/2014/GII.17/CUHK-NS-494 viral protein 1 (VP1) gene, complete cds2948294849%0.099%KP698929.1Select seq gb|KP698931.1|Norovirus GII.17 isolate GII/Hu/HKG/2015/GII.17/CUHK-NS-513 viral protein 1 (VP1) gene, complete cds2942294249%0.099%KP698931.1Select seq gb|KR858308.1|Norovirus GII.17 isolate Hu/Norovirus/GII.17/Shunyi-18/Beijing/CHN/2015 caspid protein VP1 gene, partial cds2700270045%0.099%KR858308.1Select seq gb|KP676383.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/CN/2013/GII.P17_GII.17/Nanjing010141 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1923192333%0.098%KP676383.1Select seq gb|KC597139.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.17/C142/1978/GUF, partial genome1727172785%0.078%KC597139.1Select seq gb|KJ196286.1|Norovirus GII/Hu/JP/2002/GII.P16_GII.17/Saitama/T87, complete genome1644188392%0.077%KJ196286.1Select seq gb|EU921354.2|Norovirus Hu/Pune/PC25/2006/India strain PC25 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, partial cds; and capsid protein gene, complete cds1548154849%0.084%EU921354.2Select seq gb|EF529741.1|Norovirus Hu/Briancon870/2004/France RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1548154841%0.087%EF529741.1Select seq gb|DQ438972.1|Norovirus genogroup 2 strain Hu/NoV/Katrina-17/2005/US VP1 and VP2 genes, complete cds1454145473%0.078%DQ438972.1Select seq dbj|AB809975.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3120/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1430143046%0.084%AB809975.1Select seq dbj|AB809976.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3145/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial and complete cds1386138645%0.084%AB809976.1Select seq gb|KJ194504.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Amsterdam/1994 isolate NV_Amsterdam_1994, partial genome1363136347%0.083%KJ194504.1Select seq gb|KJ194500.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Amsterdam/1/1995 isolate NV_Amsterdam_1_1995, partial genome1363136347%0.083%KJ194500.1Select seq dbj|AB039782.1|Norwalk-like virus genomic RNA, complete genome, isolate:Saitama U2011363136346%0.083%AB039782.1Select seq dbj|AB039781.1|Norwalk-like virus genomic RNA, complete genome, isolate:Saitama U181347134746%0.083%AB039781.1Select seq gb|AF315812.1|AF315812Norwalk virus (Hu/NLV/OC98008/1998/JP) capsid protein and polymerase genes, partial cds1343134337%0.086%AF315812.1Select seq gb|U02030.1|Minireovirus TV24 polymerase gene, partial cds; capsid protein gene, complete cds; and unknown gene1341134147%0.082%U02030.1Select seq gb|L23830.1|NOR89JDNorwalk virus (SRSV-OTH-25/89/J) RNA polymerase mRNA, 3'end and capsid protein mRNA, 5' end1325132549%0.081%L23830.1Select seq dbj|AB809979.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3223/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial and complete cds1319131943%0.083%AB809979.1Select seq gb|JQ751044.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.17/Wuhan/Z776/CHN/2007 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1303130333%0.088%JQ751044.1Select seq gb|U22498.1|HCU22498Human calicivirus strain MX polymerase gene, partial cds, and capsid protein gene, complete cds1280128047%0.082%U22498.1Select seq gb|EF529742.1|Norovirus Hu/Sommieres1203/2006/France RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1269126932%0.089%EF529742.1Select seq dbj|AB447409.1|Norovirus Hu/V1668/06/IND RdRp, VP1 genes for RNA dependent RNA polymerase, capsid protein, partial cds1242124231%0.088%AB447409.1Select seq gb|FJ595900.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.4/Seoul/0205/2007/KOR RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1221122132%0.087%FJ595900.1Select seq gb|JF802507.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.17/C15b/Bonaberi/Cameroon RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1219121930%0.088%JF802507.1Select seq gb|AY502009.1|Norovirus genogroup 2 strain Hu/NoV/CS-E1/2002/USA nonstructural polyprotein gene, partial cds; capsid protein gene, complete cds; and minor structural protein gene, partial cds1212121260%0.078%AY502009.1Select seq gb|FJ383845.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/2005/8093/Chelyabinsk/RUS RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid genes, partial cds1195119530%0.089%FJ383845.1Select seq gb|FJ383875.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/2005/6336/Moscow/RUS RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid genes, partial cds1146114630%0.088%FJ383875.1Select seq gb|KM036380.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.P16/GII.13/New/Taipei/13-BA-1/2013/TW nonstructural protein gene, partial cds; and major capsid protein and minor structural protein genes, complete cds1138113850%0.079%KM036380.1Select seq gb|KC832473.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Luckenwalde1378/2012/DE RNA dependend RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1103110349%0.079%KC832473.1Select seq gb|KC832472.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Berlin1195/2012/DE RNA dependend RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1103110349%0.079%KC832472.1Select seq gb|KC832471.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Oranienburg1190/2012/DE RNA dependend RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1103110349%0.079%KC832471.1Select seq gb|DQ379713.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Goulburn Valley G5175 A/1983/AUS nonstructural polyprotein (ORF1) gene, partial cds; and capsid (ORF2) and basic protein (ORF3) genes, complete cds1103110345%0.080%DQ379713.1Select seq gb|KC832470.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Berlin1162/2012/DE RNA dependend RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1098109849%0.079%KC832470.1Select seq gb|JN176920.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.3/Maastricht021/2006/NL polymerase gene, partial cds1098109825%0.091%JN176920.1Select seq dbj|AB591831.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/IDH883/2008/IND genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, capsid protein, partial cds1092109227%0.089%AB591831.1Select seq gb|EU019230.2|Norovirus Hu/Ahm/PC03/2006/India RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, partial cds; and capsid protein gene, complete cds1083108347%0.079%EU019230.2Select seq gb|AF414415.1|AF414415Norwalk-like virus NLV/Brattleboro/321/1995/US RNA polymerase (orf1) gene, partial cds; and capsid protein (orf2) and minor structural protein (orf3) genes, complete cds1070107040%0.081%AF414415.1Select seq gb|AF414411.1|AF414411Norwalk-like virus NLV/Lionville/247/1993/US RNA polymerase (orf1) gene, partial cds; and capsid protein (orf2) and minor structural protein (orf3) genes, complete cds1070107042%0.081%AF414411.1Select seq gb|AF414413.1|AF414413Norwalk-like virus NLV/Montgomery/312/1994/US RNA polymerase (orf1) gene, partial cds; and capsid protein (orf2) and minor structural protein (orf3) genes, complete cds1064106440%0.081%AF414413.1Select seq gb|AF414414.1|AF414414Norwalk-like virus NLV/Towson/313/1994/US RNA polymerase (orf1) gene, partial cds; and capsid protein (orf2) and minor structural protein (orf3) genes, complete cds1059105939%0.081%AF414414.1Select seq dbj|AB809973.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/08N2045/2008/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial and complete cds1044104446%0.079%AB809973.1Select seq gb|KJ196284.1|Norovirus GII/Hu/JP/2007/GII.P21_GII.21/Kawasaki/YO284, complete genome1044104447%0.079%KJ196284.1Select seq gb|AF414412.1|AF414412Norwalk-like virus NLV/New Orleans/279/1994/US RNA polymerase (orf1) gene, partial cds; and capsid protein (orf2) and minor structural protein (orf3) genes, complete cds1044104430%0.086%AF414412.1Select seq dbj|AB809998.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3816/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1042104246%0.079%AB809998.1Select seq gb|JN899245.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.21/Salisbury150/2011/USA RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, partial cds; and major capsid protein and minor capsid protein genes, complete cds1042104249%0.078%JN899245.1Select seq dbj|AB592958.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/IDH1390/2009/IND genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, capsid protein, partial cds1042104226%0.088%AB592958.1Select seq gb|DQ379714.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Goulburn Valley G5175 B/1983/AUS nonstructural polyprotein (ORF1) gene, partial cds; and capsid (ORF2) and basic protein (ORF3) genes, complete cds1037103750%0.078%DQ379714.1Select seq dbj|AB809974.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/08N2250/2008/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial and complete cds1035103545%0.079%AB809974.1Select seq dbj|AB810005.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/10N4439/2010/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1033103346%0.079%AB810005.1Select seq dbj|AB810004.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/10N4358/2010/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1033103346%0.079%AB810004.1Select seq gb|KJ196276.1|Norovirus GII/Hu/JP/2002/GII.P12_GII.13/Saitama/T80, complete genome1033103350%0.078%KJ196276.1Select seq dbj|AB542916.1|Norovirus Hu/OC06060/2006/JP genes for RNA polymerase, capsid protein VP1, partial and complete cds1027102746%0.079%AB542916.1Select seq dbj|AB809993.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3751/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1026102646%0.079%AB809993.1Select seq gb|JF802506.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.17/C38/Bonaberi/2009/Cameroon RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1026102625%0.089%JF802506.1Select seq gb|JF802505.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.17/A113/Limbe/2009/Cameroon RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid protein genes, partial cds1026102625%0.089%JF802505.1Select seq gb|GQ266697.1|Norovirus Hu/Zuerich/P7d384/2009 capsid protein gene, partial cds1024102448%0.078%GQ266697.1Select seq dbj|AB809997.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3798/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1020102046%0.079%AB809997.1Select seq dbj|AB809990.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3688/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1020102046%0.079%AB809990.1Select seq dbj|AB810001.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/10N3922/2010/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1014101446%0.079%AB810001.1Select seq dbj|AB810006.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/10N4441/2010/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1005100545%0.079%AB810006.1Select seq gb|KC662537.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/Hy-718/KOR, complete genome1005100550%0.078%KC662537.1Select seq dbj|AB809994.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3758/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1003100345%0.079%AB809994.1Select seq dbj|AB809992.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3721/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1003100345%0.079%AB809992.1Select seq dbj|AB809985.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3564/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1003100344%0.079%AB809985.1Select seq dbj|AB810007.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/10N4487/2010/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds1000100045%0.079%AB810007.1Select seq dbj|AB809977.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3180/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds99899845%0.079%AB809977.1Select seq dbj|AB809978.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3206/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial and complete cds99699644%0.079%AB809978.1Select seq gb|GQ856468.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.4/Beijing/55185/2008/CHN RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene, partial cds; and capsid and minor structural protein genes, complete cds99699646%0.079%GQ856468.1Select seq dbj|AB810014.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/10N4598/2010/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds99299245%0.079%AB810014.1Select seq dbj|AB809987.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3617/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds98798744%0.079%AB809987.1Select seq dbj|AB809986.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3609/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds98798744%0.079%AB809986.1Select seq gb|KC464499.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.12/CGMH41/2010/TW, complete genome98798745%0.079%KC464499.1Select seq gb|KC464497.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.12/CGMH39/2010/TW, complete genome98798745%0.079%KC464497.1Select seq dbj|AB112326.1|Human norovirus Saitama gene for RNA dependent RNA polymerase, capsid protein, partial cds, strain: NV/Saitama T45aGII/01/JP98598525%0.088%AB112326.1Select seq dbj|AB809989.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3683/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds98198144%0.079%AB809989.1Select seq gb|JQ613568.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.g-GII.12/Wahroonga/NSW004P/2009/AU, complete genome98198145%0.079%JQ613568.1Select seq gb|HQ664990.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.12/HS206/2010/USA, complete genome98198145%0.079%HQ664990.1Select seq dbj|AB809996.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3796/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds97797744%0.079%AB809996.1Select seq gb|KJ145322.1|Norovirus 13-BA-1/2013/GII.P16/GII.13 nonstructural protein gene, complete cds; and capsid protein gene, partial cds97797739%0.080%KJ145322.1Select seq dbj|AB809995.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3779/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds97697643%0.079%AB809995.1Select seq gb|KM198492.1|Norovirus Hu/GII/30448/2010/VNM nonstructural polyprotein and capsid protein VP1 genes, complete cds; and capsid protein VP2 gene, partial cds97697645%0.079%KM198492.1Select seq gb|KC464500.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.12/CGMH42/2010/TW, complete genome97697645%0.079%KC464500.1Select seq gb|KC464498.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.12/CGMH40/2010/TW, complete genome97697645%0.079%KC464498.1Select seq emb|X81879.1|Human calicivirus strain Melksham cDNA for orf1, orf2 and orf397297250%0.077%X81879.1Select seq dbj|AB809988.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.13/09N3645/2009/NP genes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, major capsid protein VP1, partial cds97097044%0.079%AB809988.1Select seq gb|HQ449728.1|Norovirus Hu/GII.12/HS210/2010/USA, complete genome97097045%0.079%HQ449728.1Select seq gb|AY772730.1|Norovirus Hu/NLV/GII/Neustrelitz260/2000/DE from Germany, complete genome97097045%0.079%AY772730.1 Link to comment Share on other sites More sharing options...
niman Posted September 9, 2015 Author Report Share Posted September 9, 2015 LOCUS KT346356 3266 bp RNA linear VRL 08-SEP-2015 DEFINITION Norovirus Hu/GII.P17_GII.17/PR668/2015/ITA RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (ORF1) gene, partial cds; and major capsid protein (ORF2) and minor capsid protein (ORF3) genes, complete cds. ACCESSION KT346356 VERSION KT346356.1 GI:925717767 KEYWORDS . SOURCE Norovirus Hu/GII.P17_GII.17/PR668/2015/ITA ORGANISM Norovirus Hu/GII.P17_GII.17/PR668/2015/ITA Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage; Caliciviridae; Norovirus. REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 3266) AUTHORS Medici,M.C., Tummolo,F. and Martella,V. TITLE Genomic analysis of the emerging GII.17 human norovirus, Italy, 2015 JOURNAL Unpublished REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 3266) AUTHORS Medici,M.C., Tummolo,F. and Martella,V. TITLE Direct Submission JOURNAL Submitted (27-JUL-2015) Unit of Microbiology and Virology, Departement of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14, Parma, Parma 43126, Italy COMMENT ##Assembly-Data-START## Sequencing Technology :: Sanger dideoxy sequencing ##Assembly-Data-END## FEATURES Location/Qualifiers source 1..3266 /organism="Norovirus Hu/GII.P17_GII.17/PR668/2015/ITA" /mol_type="genomic RNA" /strain="PR668/2015/ITA" /isolation_source="stools" /host="Homo sapiens" /db_xref="taxon:1711929" /country="Italy" /collection_date="2015" /collected_by="Medici MC" /note="genotype: GII.P17_GII.17" gene <1..822 /gene="ORF1" CDS <1..822 /gene="ORF1" /codon_start=1 /product="RNA-dependent RNA polymerase" /protein_id="ALD09617.1" /db_xref="GI:925717768" /translation="HYDADYSRWDSTQQRAVLEAALEIMVRFSAEPQLAQIVAEDLLS PSVVDVGDFKIAINEGLPSGVPCTSQWNSIAHWLLTLCALSEVTGLGPDIIQANSMYS FYGDDEIVSTDIKLDPEKLTAKLKEYGLKPTRPDKTEGPLVISEDLNGLTFLRRTVTR DPAGWFGKLDQNSILRQLYWTRGPNHEDPSETMIPHAQRPVQLMALLGESSLHGPSFY SKVSKLVISELKEGGMDFYVPRQESMFRWMRFSDLSTWEGDRNLAPSFVNEDGVE" gene 803..2425 /gene="ORF2" CDS 803..2425 /gene="ORF2" /codon_start=1 /product="major capsid protein" /protein_id="ALD09618.1" /db_xref="GI:925717769" /translation="MKMASNDAAPSNDGAAGLVPEGNNETLPLEPVAGAAIAAPVTGQ NNIIDPWIRTNFVQAPNGEFTVSPRNSPGEILLNLELGPDLNPYLAHLSRMYNGYAGG VEVQVLLAGNAFTAGKILFAAVPPNFPVEFLSPAQITMLPHLIVDVRTLEPIMIPLPD ARNTFFHYSNQPNSRMRLVAMLYTPLRSNGSGDDVFTVSCRVLTRPTPDFEFTYLVPP SVESKTKPFSLPILTLSELTNSRFPVPIDSLFTAQNNVLQVQCQNGRCTLDGELQGTT QLLPSGICAFRGRVTAQINQRDRWHMQLQNLNGTTYDPTDDVPAPLGTPDFKGVVFGM VSQRNVGNDAPGSTRAQQAWVSTYSPQFVPKLGSVNLRISDNDDFQFQPTKFTPVGVN DDDDGHPFRQWELPNYSGELTLNMNLAPPVAPNFPGEQLLFFRSFVPCSGGYNQGIID CLIPQEWIQHFYQESAPSQSDVALIRYVNPDTGRTLFEAKLHRSGYITVAHSGDYPLV VPANGHFRFDSWVNQFYSLAPMGTGNGRRRAQ" gene 2425..3204 /gene="ORF3" CDS 2425..3204 /gene="ORF3" /codon_start=1 /product="minor capsid protein" /protein_id="ALD09619.1" /db_xref="GI:925717770" /translation="MAGAFIAGLAGDMLTSSVGSLVNAGANAINQKIDFENNKQLQSA SFQHDKEMLQAQVKATKQLQSEMIALKQGVLAAGGFSPTDAARGAIGAPMTKVLDWSG TRYWAPNSTKTTGYSGQFTSSPVHMSSPNASQSKPVKPRSLAPSSSSSSVYSTYTQST HLISGSSSNASSASTKLTNLSSGSSQNRTAEWVNQQRSLSPFMSGALNISHVTPPSSR ASSSGTVSTVPKEVLDSWTSAFNTHRQPLFAHLRVRGESRV" ORIGIN 1 cactatgatg cagactactc ccgctgggac tccacacagc agcgggcagt gctggaagcg 61 gcacttgaaa tcatggtgag attttctgct gagccacagc tggcacaaat agtggcagag 121 gacctgctgt caccaagtgt ggttgatgtg ggcgatttca aaatcgctat caatgaaggc 181 ctaccatctg gcgtgccttg cacctcacaa tggaattcta ttgcccactg gttacttacc 241 ttgtgtgccc tttctgaagt gacaggatta ggtcctgaca tcatacaagc taactccatg 301 tactctttct atggtgatga tgagattgtg agcacagaca taaaattgga cccagagaaa 361 ttgaccgcaa agctcaaaga atatggcctt aaacccactc ggcccgacaa aactgagggg 421 ccgttggtga ttagtgaaga cctgaatggg ttgactttcc tccgccgaac agtcacccgt 481 gatccagcag gttggtttgg aaagttggac caaaactcca tcctcaggca gttgtactgg 541 acaagaggac ccaaccatga agaccccagt gagaccatga taccacacgc acaaagacct 601 gtgcagctca tggcactact aggagaatcc tccctacatg gaccctcatt ttacagcaag 661 gttagcaaat tagtcatatc tgaacttaaa gagggaggaa tggattttta tgtgcccaga 721 caagagtcaa tgttcagatg gatgaggttc tcagatctaa gcacatggga gggcgatcgc 781 aatctggctc ccagttttgt gaatgaagat ggcgtcgaat gacgccgctc catctaatga 841 tggtgctgct ggtctcgtac cagagggcaa caacgagacc cttcccctag aaccagttgc 901 gggcgcagct atagccgcac ccgtcactgg ccaaaataac ataattgacc cctggattag 961 aacaaatttt gtgcaagcac caaatggaga gttcacagtg tcacccagaa actctcctgg 1021 agaaatttta ttaaacttag agttgggccc tgatttgaac ccttatttgg ctcatttgtc 1081 aaggatgtac aatgggtatg ctggtggagt ggaagttcag gttctcctgg cagggaacgc 1141 gttcactgcc ggaaagatcc tcttcgccgc cgtcccgcca aatttcccag tggaattctt 1201 aagcccagcc cagatcacaa tgctccctca tttaatagta gatgttagga ctcttgaacc 1261 aattatgatc ccactccctg atgctaggaa tacattcttc cattatagta accagcctaa 1321 cagccgcatg agattagtgg ctatgctcta caccccactc agatctaatg gctcaggtga 1381 tgatgtcttt actgtctctt gcagggtttt gactaggcct actcctgatt ttgagttcac 1441 ttatttagtg ccaccttctg ttgaatctaa aactaagcct ttttctttac ctattttaac 1501 cctttctgag ctcacaaatt cgaggttccc agtccccatc gattcgcttt tcaccgccca 1561 gaataatgtg ttgcaggtgc agtgtcaaaa tggcaggtgt acacttgatg gtgagttaca 1621 aggcacaacc cagttgctcc catctggcat ctgtgcattc agaggacggg tgacagcaca 1681 aattaaccaa cgtgacaggt ggcacatgca actgcaaaac ctcaatggta caacatatga 1741 cccaactgat gatgtgccag ccccgctggg tacacctgac ttcaagggcg tcgtgtttgg 1801 gatggtaagc caaagaaatg tgggtaatga tgcgcctggc tcaaccagag cccaacaggc 1861 gtgggtttca acctatagcc cccaatttgt ccccaaatta ggttctgtca atcttagaat 1921 tagtgataat gatgatttcc aattccagcc gacaaaattc acaccagtgg gcgtcaatga 1981 tgacgatgat ggccacccgt tcagacaatg ggaattacca aactattcag gggagcttac 2041 cttgaatatg aatcttgccc ccccagttgc tccaaatttt cctggtgaac aattgttatt 2101 cttcagatct ttcgtgccat gctcaggagg ttacaaccaa ggtattatag attgtcttat 2161 tccccaagaa tggatccaac acttctatca ggaatcagca ccctcccagt cagacgtggc 2221 cctaatcagg tatgtcaacc ctgatacggg acgtacactg tttgaagcaa aattgcacag 2281 atctggttac attactgtgg ctcactctgg agactatcct cttgttgttc cggctaatgg 2341 acactttaga tttgattctt gggtaaatca gttttactca ctcgccccaa tgggaactgg 2401 gaatgggcga aggagggctc agtaatggct ggggctttca ttgcaggatt ggcaggcgac 2461 atgctcacgt catctgtggg ctcccttgtg aacgcagggg caaacgccat caaccaaaag 2521 atagactttg aaaacaacaa acaactccag tctgcttcct ttcagcatga taaagagatg 2581 ctccaagcgc aggtgaaggc aaccaagcag ctgcaatctg aaatgatagc cctaaaacag 2641 ggggttttgg ccgcaggcgg cttttccccc actgatgcag caaggggagc cattggtgca 2701 cccatgacaa aggtgcttga ctggtctggc actcgatact gggcgcccaa ctccacaaag 2761 acaactggtt attcgggaca attcacctct tcacctgtgc acatgtctag cccaaatgct 2821 tcacaatcaa aacctgtaaa gcctaggtct ctagcccctt cctcttcttc tagcagtgtc 2881 tatagtacgt acactcaatc tactcattta atatctggct cttctagtaa tgcttcttct 2941 gcctctacaa aattgacaaa tttaagctct ggctcctctc aaaacagaac agcagagtgg 3001 gtaaatcaac agagaagtct tagccctttc atgagtggcg cacttaacat ctcacatgtc 3061 acgccaccct caagtagggc ttccagttct gggacggtct cgaccgtgcc caaggaagtt 3121 ttggactcct ggacgtctgc gtttaacaca cacagacaac cgctcttcgc acacctcaga 3181 gtgagggggg agtcacgtgt ttagtgaaaa gaaataattg gctataatgt gatttctttc 3241 taaaatttgg ctaatttgag tctttt Link to comment Share on other 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