niman

Abstract Previous experimental studies have demonstrated that a number of mosquito-borne flavivirus pathogens are vertically transmitted in their insect vectors, providing a mechanism for these arboviruses to persist during adverse climatic conditions or in the absence of a susceptible vertebrate host. In this study, designed to test whether Zika virus (ZIKV) could be vertically transmitted, female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were injected with ZIKV, and their F1 adult progeny were tested for ZIKV infection. Of 69 Ae. aegypti pools, six consisted of a total of 1,738 F1 adults, yielded ZIKV upon culture, giving a minimum filial infection rate of 1:290. In contrast, none of 803 F1 Ae. albopictus adults (32 pools) yielded ZIKV. The MFIR for Ae. aegypti was comparable to MFIRs reported for other flaviviruses in mosquitoes, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile, and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. The results suggest that vertical transmission may provide a potential mechanism for the virus to survive during adverse conditions. Footnotes Financial support: This work was supported in part by NIH grant R24 AI 120942. Received June 6, 2016. Accepted August 1, 2016.

Saravanan Thangamani1, Jing Huang1, Charles E. Hart1, Hilda Guzman1 and Robert B. Tesh1,* -Author Affiliations 1Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. -Author Notes Authors' addresses: Saravanan Thangamani, Jing Huang, Charles E. Hart, Hilda Guzman, and Robert B. Tesh, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mails:[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], and [email protected]. ↵* Address correspondence to Robert B. Tesh, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609. E-mail: [email protected]

Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes http://www.ajtmh.org/content/early/2016/08/23/ajtmh.16-0448

The location of Pinellas County's first local Zika case is a secret. Good idea or bad? Christopher O'DonnellChristopher O'Donnell, Times Staff Writer Monday, August 29, 2016 7:32pm Maps issued by the Florida Department of Health pinpoint right down to street level where mosquitoes are spreading the Zika virus in South Florida. But in Pinellas County, officials refuse to get any more specific than saying a single infection was found somewhere in the county's 280 square miles. Surgeon General Celeste Philip said it makes no sense to divulge where the infected resident lives or works until officials can confirm the virus is being spread in those locations. But that could take up to two weeks and leaves residents and local governments too much in the dark, say some local leaders. That includes U.S. Rep. David Jolly and St. Petersburg Mayor Rick Kriseman, who say residents and local governments need more detailed information to prepare for a possible outbreak. "When you drop something out there as broad as what they have done you create a significant concern in the community," Kriseman said. "I just don't understand. If you can't get specific, then why even say Pinellas county?" It's a view shared by some but not all public health experts, who agree FDOH officials face a tough balancing act in giving people the information they need to make informed decisions about their safety while not inducing unnecessary panic. The privacy of the infected resident must also be protected, they said. RELATED: Local leaders request permission to use genetically modified mosquitoes in Pinellas County "This is a virus that is not transmitted easily but there are risks the public should be aware about," said Summer McGee, an associate professor in health care administration at the University of New Haven. "Knowing maybe the town, that might allow the public to feel a little more informed, more secure, without potentially harming any individual." Guidelines issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the first locally transmitted case of Zika advise issuing a public alert and providing "timely, accurate and actionable" information. But there is no specific guidance on how detailed that information should be, although a sample press release does advise informing the community that mosquitoes are spreading the virus. Philip has stated that the Pinellas residents caught the virus from a mosquito bite but declined to confirm whether mosquitoes in the county may be infected. A single case is not proof that the infection is spreading, officials said. "If the department identifies an area of concern, we will notify the media and the public immediately," said Mara Gambineri, department communications director. An estimated 400 people will be infected with the Zika virus by mosquitoes in Florida by mid-September, according to projections developed by an international team of scientists from the University of Florida and half a dozen other research institutions. CDC principal deputy director Anne Schuchat described the Zika virus as unprecedented in that it can be spread both by mosquitoes and through sexual intercourse. Another complicating factor: Only one in five infected people exhibit symptoms. While rarely fatal, Zika has been linked to microcephaly, a birth defect where a baby's head is smaller than normal and which is often accompanied by developmental issues. That makes it crucial that pregnant women and those planning a family know whether they need to change their daily routines and take extra precautions because the virus may be close by, McGee said. "There is an extra layer of vulnerabilities because we're talking about pregnant women and unborn children," she said. By not providing more accurate details about the location of infections, officials are risking a backlash if cases arise because residents did not know to avoid an area, said Peter Jacobson, professor of health law and policy at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. "This isn't just a mild flu virus," he said. "If the virus was to appear, people will ask, 'Why didn't you tell us where it is?'" Gov. Rick Scott announced Aug. 23 that Pinellas had its first locally transmitted case. State and local health officials are conducting a door-to-door outreach effort and have tested people known to be in direct contact with the infected resident. Mosquito spraying in areas where the resident spent time outdoors was conducted on both sides of Tampa Bay. But it may be up to two weeks before the state can confirm whether mosquitoes are actively spreading the disease locally. The state's decision to limit information is the right one, said Mark Hart, an assistant professor of epidemiology at the University of Florida who teaches health communication. In addition to health risks, officials also have to consider the economic effects and well-being of a community in the information they release about infections, he said Naming a neighborhood based solely on where an infected person lives would raise panic there while potentially giving other residents a false sense of security. "Their job is to be the voice of definite facts balanced with scientifically gained knowledge," Hart said. The health department has done a good job in making Floridians aware of Zika without creating a panic, he added. "A year ago, not many people had heard of Zika," he said. "Most people in America now know what Zika is and how its contracted and some of the potential effects." Contact Christopher O'Donnell at [email protected] or (813) 226-3446. Follow @codonnell_Times. The location of Pinellas County's first local Zika case is a secret. Good idea or bad? 08/29/16 [Last modified: Monday, August 29, 2016 7:31pm] http://www.tampabay.com/news/health/the-location-of-pinellas-countys-first-local-zika-case-is-a-secret-good/2291422

Map Update https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&hl=en&authuser=0&authuser=0&mid=1FlIB7hHnVgGD9TlbSx5HwAj-PEQ

Tampa firefighter who lives in Pinellas has Zika NEXT UP: Stunning photos show thousands of migrants rescued off coast of Libya IN TOPNew Videos Suspect at large in Tarpon Springs homicide RANKEDIn Last 24H 1:5710Investigates gets refund from Frontier WATCHED BYof viewers like you 0:22Fatality crash closes lanes on I-275 SB WATCHED BYof viewers like you 0:12Bucs preseason game moved to Wednesday WATCHED BYof viewers like you A Tampa firefighter, who lives in Pinellas, contracted the Zika virus. MIke Deeson, WTSP 10:40 PM. EST August 29, 2016 Tampa, Florida -- There is new information about the person infected with the Zika virus from Pinellas County. 10Investigates has discovered it could have been contracted in Hillsborough County because the Pinellas resident works as a firefighter in Tampa. There is a lot we don't know, because the Florida Department of Health is keeping the information very close to the vest and that could be because there is a huge concern what the disease could do to the state tourism industry. But 10Investigates did find out was the firefighter infected works at Fire Station No. 3 on Kennedy Boulevard and Willow Avenue. That means it is possible mosquitoes carrying the disease could be in Hillsborough. The Department of Health says that's why every firefighter who works at station No. 3 was tested. The department also said it does target sampling of close contacts to the individual who has tested positive, and added, as far as they know, there have been no cases of nontravel related Zika in Hillsborough County. But, are the other firefighters at the station worried? Capt. Aaron Crawford said, "I don’t know, I can’t speak for anyone else." Crawford declined to comment on how he felt about it. Fire Department spokesman Jason Penny said, “We value our firefighter as a patient and cannot discuss the issue because it violates privacy laws." 10Investigates was told none of the other firefighters at the station tested positive, but is not sure if the mosquito bite was in Pinellas.

10Investigates has discovered it could have been contracted in Hillsborough County because the Pinellas resident works as a firefighter in Tampa. There is a lot we don't know, because the Florida Department of Health is keeping the information very close to the vest and that could be because there is a huge concern what the disease could do to the state tourism industry. But 10Investigates did find out was the firefighter infected works at Fire Station No. 3 on Kennedy Boulevard and Willow Avenue. http://www.wtsp.com/news/investigations/tampa-firefighter-who-lives-in-pinellas-has-zika-virus/310667884

1-Aug asymp 52 contact 26 2-Aug asymp 52 contact 26 3-Aug asymp 52 contact 26 4-Aug asymp 52 contact 26 5-Aug asymp 52 contact 26 Invest date collect negative positive pending MD1 1-Aug 54 54 0 0 B1 1-Aug 70 70 0 0 Wyn 8-Aug 437 418 11 8 #1 9-Aug 455 424 17 14 10-Aug 498 424 16 46 11-Aug 511 480 19 12 12-Aug 517 492 21 4 15-Aug 518 492 22 4 16-Aug 518 492 22 4 17-Aug 518 492 23 4 18-Aug 519 492 23 4 19-Aug 519 492 23 4 22-Aug 519 492 23 4 23-Aug 519 492 29 0 24-Aug 519 492 27 0 25-Aug 519 492 27 0 26-Aug 519 492 26 0 29-Aug 519 492 26 1 MD2 5-Aug 11 #2 8-Aug 19 16 0 3 9-Aug 19 16 0 3 10-Aug 19 18 0 1 11-Aug 19 18 0 1 12-Aug 19 19 0 0 15-Aug 21 19 0 2 16-Aug 21 19 0 2 17-Aug 21 19 0 2 18-Aug 21 19 0 2 19-Aug 21 19 0 2 22-Aug 21 19 0 2 23-Aug 21 19 0 2 24-Aug 21 19 0 2 25-Aug 21 21 0 0 26-Aug 21 21 0 0 29-Aug 21 21 0 0 PB1 8-Aug 1 0 0 1 #3 9-Aug 1 0 0 1 10-Aug 3 0 0 3 11-Aug 3 2 0 1 12-Aug 3 3 0 0 15-Aug 3 3 0 0 16-Aug 3 3 0 0 17-Aug 3 3 0 0 18-Aug 3 3 0 0 19-Aug 3 3 0 0 22-Aug 3 3 0 0 23-Aug 3 3 0 0 24-Aug 3 3 0 0 25-Aug 3 3 0 0 26-Aug 3 3 0 0 29-Aug 3 3 0 0 MD3 17-Aug 0 #4 18-Aug 0 19-Aug 0 22-Aug 0 23-Aug 0 24-Aug 0 25-Aug 0 26-Aug 0 29-Aug 0 MD4 15-Aug 5 1 0 4 #5 16-Aug 5 1 0 4 17-Aug 6 1 0 5 18-Aug 6 1 0 5 19-Aug 6 1 0 5 22-Aug 6 1 0 5 23-Aug 6 1 0 5 24-Aug 6 1 0 5 25-Aug 6 1 0 5 26-Aug 6 1 0 5 29-Aug 6 5 0 0 MD5 17-Aug 2 0 0 2 #6 18-Aug 2 0 0 2 19-Aug 2 0 0 2 22-Aug 8 6 0 2 23-Aug 26 6 0 20 24-Aug 27 24 0 3 25-Aug 27 24 0 3 26-Aug 27 24 0 3 29-Aug 27 24 0 3 MD6 17-Aug 18-Aug 19-Aug 22-Aug comb MD7 18-Aug 0 #7 19-Aug 0 22-Aug 0 23-Aug 0 24-Aug 0 25-Aug 0 26-Aug 0 29-Aug 0 MD8 18-Aug 19-Aug MB 22-Aug comb 5 #8 23-Aug 0 24-Aug 0 25-Aug 97 0 0 97 26-Aug 97 0 0 97 29-Aug 133 110 1 17 MD9 19-Aug 22-Aug comb PIN 23-Aug 3 0 0 3 #9 24-Aug 3 0 0 3 25-Aug 3 0 0 3 26-Aug 21 3 0 18 29-Aug 39 13 0 26 PB2 24-Aug 0 #10 25-Aug 0 26-Aug 5 0 0 5 29-Aug 5 0 0 5

Zika fever is a mild febrile illness caused by a mosquito-borne virus similar to those that cause dengue and West Nile virus infection. It has been identified in several countries in Central and South America, Mexico, and the Caribbean since 2015. Outbreaks have previously been reported in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Local transmission has also been reported in Puerto Rico. Cases of Zika fever have been reported in travelers returning to the United States. Information on Limited Local Transmissions Florida has confirmed local transmissions of Zika virus are occurring in two small areas in Miami-Dade County. Area One is a small, less than one-square mile area in Miami-Dade County, just north of downtown. The department has found no evidence of transmission of Zika around nearly the entire perimeter of the area in Wynwood. This does not change CDC’s guidance for pregnant women or the Wynwood area. See Map 1 below. Area Two is a less-than 1.5 square mile area in Miami Beach within the boundaries of 8th and 28th streets. Map 2 below indicates the impacted area in Miami Beach. Florida’s small case cluster is not considered widespread transmission. If the department identifies additional areas of concern, we will notify the media and the public immediately. STATE OF FLORIDA click image above to enlarge MIAMI-DADE COUNTY click image above to enlarge Areas of Active Local Zika Virus Transmission - Aug. 26, 2016 Wynwood Area - NW 22nd St. at the South, NE 2nd Ave to NE 23rd St. at the east; NW 3rd Ave to the west; and NE 36th St to the north. Miami Beach Area - 28th Street to the north, 8th Street to the south, lntercoastal water to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. NUMBER OF ZIKA CASES BY COUNTY ACTIVE INVESTIGATIONS The department is currently conducting 10 active investigations. 1) Identified one-square mile in Miami-Dade – Two (2) original cases Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results 519 492 26 1 Door to door outreach and sampling continue. Mosquito abatement and reduction activities are on-going. The department has cleared nearly the entire perimeter of the one-square mile as no additional people tested positive in that area. The CDC continues to monitor the area per their guidelines. 2) First Miami-Dade investigation outside of Wynwood: One (1) case Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results* 21 21 0 0 *Awaiting confirmatory testing from CDC to rule out infection. 3) One (1) case in Palm Beach County: Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results 3 3 0 0 4) Second Miami-Dade investigation outside of Wynwood: One (1) case The investigation is beginning in this area in Miami-Dade County. Mosquito abatement and reduction activities will take place around the area of interest. 5) Third Miami-Dade investigation outside of Wynwood: One (1) case Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results 6 5 0 0 6) Fourth Miami-Dade investigation outside of Wynwood: One (1) case Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results 27 24 0 3 7) Sixth Miami-Dade investigation outside of Wynwood: One (1) case The investigation is beginning in this area in Miami-Dade County. Mosquito abatement and reduction activities will take place around the area of interest 8) Miami-Beach Investigation: Five index cases, three are out of state The investigation is beginning in this area in Miami-Dade County. Mosquito abatement and reduction activities will take place around the area of interest Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results 133 110 1 17 9) Pinellas Investigation: One (1) case Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results 39 13 0 26 10) Second Palm Beach County Investigation: One (1) case Total # of Samples Collected Negative Samples Positive Samples Pending Results 5 0 0 5 CLOSED INVESTIGATIONS The department has closed out the investigations into the first cases in Miami-Dade and Broward County (two cases). On Aug. 23, the department had enough information to close two of the ongoing investigations in Miami-Dade County, both were determined to be single cases with no additional transmission or linkage to areas of active transmission. Data as of Aug. 29, 2016 - 6:03pm EST

Map Update https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&hl=en&authuser=0&authuser=0&mid=1FlIB7hHnVgGD9TlbSx5HwAj-PEQ

August 29, 2016 Department of Health Daily Zika Update http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/08/082916-zika-update.html Contact: Communications [email protected] (850) 245-4111 Tallahassee, Fla.— In an effort to keep Florida residents and visitors safe and aware about the status of the Zika virus, the department will issue a Zika virus update each week day. Updates will include a Zika case count by county and information to keep Floridians informed and prepared. There are no new travel related cases today. Please visit our website to see the full list of travel-related cases. There is one new non-travel related case today in Miami-Dade County, associated with the Miami-Beach investigation. DOH continues door-to-door outreach and targeted testing in Pinellas, Palm Beach and Miami-Dade counties and mosquito abatement and reduction activities are also taking place around the locations that are being investigated. DOH believes ongoing transmission is only taking place within the small identified areas in Wynwood and Miami Beach in Miami-Dade County, see maps below. One case does not mean ongoing active transmission is taking place. DOH conducts a thorough investigation by sampling close contacts and community members around each case to determine if additional people are infected. If DOH finds evidence that active transmission is occurring in an area, the media and the public will be notified. For a complete breakdown of non-travel and travel-related Zika infections to-date, please see below. Infection Type Infection Count Travel-Related Infections of Zika 545 Non-Travel Related Infections of Zika 43 Infections Involving Pregnant Women 75 The department is currently conducting 10 investigations. Information regarding the investigations can be found here. If investigations reveal additional areas of active transmission, the department will announce a defined area of concern. The department has conducted Zika virus testing for more than 4,172 people statewide. Florida currently has the capacity to test 6,125 people for active Zika virus and 7,237 for Zika antibodies. At Governor Scott’s direction, all county health departments now offer free Zika risk assessment and testing to pregnant women. Florida’s small case cluster is not considered widespread transmission, however, pregnant women are advised to avoid non-essential travel to the impacted area in Miami-Dade County (see map below). If you are pregnant and must travel or if you live or work in the impacted area, protect yourself from mosquito bites by wearing insect repellent, long clothing and limiting your time outdoors. According to CDC guidance, providers should consider testing all pregnant women with a history of travel to a Zika affected area for the virus. It is also recommended that all pregnant women who reside in or travel frequently to the area where active transmission is likely occurring be tested for Zika in the first and second trimester. Pregnant women in the identified area can contact their medical provider or their local county health department to be tested and receive a Zika prevention kit. CDC recommends that a pregnant woman with a history of Zika virus and her provider should consider additional ultrasounds. Additionally, the department is working closely with the Healthy Start Coalition of Miami-Dade County to identify pregnant women in the impacted areas to ensure they have access to resources and information to protect themselves. CDC recommends that a pregnant woman with a history of Zika virus and her provider should consider additional ultrasounds. Pregnant women can contact their local county health department for Zika risk assessment and testing hours and information. A Zika risk assessment will be conducted by county health department staff and blood and/or urine samples may be collected and sent to labs for testing. It may take one to two weeks to receive results. Florida has been monitoring pregnant women with evidence of Zika regardless of symptoms. The total number of pregnant women who have been or are being monitored is 75. On Feb. 12, Governor Scott directed the State Surgeon General to activate a Zika Virus Information Hotline for current Florida residents and visitors, as well as anyone planning on traveling to Florida in the near future. The hotline, managed by the Department of Health, has assisted 5,083 callers since it launched. The number for the Zika Virus Information Hotline is 1-855-622-6735. The department urges Floridians to drain standing water weekly, no matter how seemingly small. A couple drops of water in a bottle cap can be a breeding location for mosquitoes. Residents and visitors also need to use repellents when enjoying the Florida outdoors. For more information on DOH action and federal guidance, please click here. For resources and information on Zika virus, click here. State of Florida Miami-Dade County About the Florida Department of Health The department, nationally accredited by the Public Health Accreditation Board, works to protect, promote, and improve the health of all people in Florida through integrated state, county and community efforts. Follow us on Twitter at @HealthyFla and on Facebook. For more information about the Florida Department of Health, please visit www.FloridaHealth.gov.

There is one new non-travel related case today in Miami-Dade County, associated with the Miami-Beach investigation. http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/08/082916-zika-update.html

Map Update https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&hl=en&authuser=0&authuser=0&mid=1FlIB7hHnVgGD9TlbSx5HwAj-PEQ

Number of cases reported County/Area Today Year to Date (8/23-25/16) Albany 0 4 Broome 1 3 Clinton 0 1 Columbia 0 1 Delaware 0 1 Dutchess 0 5 Erie 0 4 Lewis 0 1 Monroe 1 8 Nassau 0 37 Niagara 0 1 Oneida 0 3 Onondaga 1 6 Ontario 0 3 Orange 0 6 Otsego 0 1 Putnam 0 1 Rockland 0 8 St Lawrence 0 1 Schenectady 0 1 Suffolk 3 39 Tompkins 0 2 Warren 0 1 Wayne 0 2 Westchester 2 21 NYS (ex NYC) 8 161 NYC 15 528 NYS Total Confirmed 23 689 NYS Pregnant Registry 0 25 NYS Total 23 714

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Last Update: Daily (5 pm EST) Total Human Cases Related to International Travel: 18 Locally Acquired Mosquito Borne Cases: 0 http://doh.dc.gov/publication/zika-virus-information

Last Update: Daily (5 pm EST) Total Human Cases Related to International Travel: 18 Locally Acquired Mosquito Borne Cases: 0

Map Update https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?hl=en&hl=en&authuser=0&authuser=0&mid=1FlIB7hHnVgGD9TlbSx5HwAj-PEQ

County Cases Bell 4 Bexar 8 Brazos 1 Collin 3 Dallas 30 Denton 4 El Paso 2 Ellis 1 Fort Bend 7 Frio 1 Galveston 3 Gray 1 Grayson 1 Gregg 1 Hamilton 1 Harris 35 Jefferson 1 Lubbock 1 Matagorda 1 Medina 1 Midland 1 Palo Pinto 1 Randall 1 Tarrant 14 Travis 3 Val Verde 1 Walker 1 Williamson 3 Wise 1 Total 133 Dallas Pregnant Registry 12 Texas Preg Reg excl Dallas 34 Total 179

County Cases Bell 4 Bexar 8 Brazos 1 Collin 3 Dallas 30 Denton 4 El Paso 2 Ellis 1 Fort Bend 6 Frio 1 Gray 1 Galveston 2 Grayson 1 Greg 1 Hamilton 1 Harris 34 Jefferson 1 Lubbock 1 Matagorda 1 Medina 1 Midland 1 Palo Pinto 1 Randall 1 Tarrant 14 Travis 3 Val Verde 1 Walker 1 Williamson 3 Wise 1 Total 130 http://www.texaszika.org/

Zika Virus – August 29, 2016. Texas has had 132 reported cases of Zika virus disease. This count includes six pregnant women, two infants infected before birth, and one person who had sexual contact with a traveler. Texas Zika Cases by County: County Cases Bell 4 Bexar 8 Brazos 1 Collin 3 Dallas 30 Denton 4 El Paso 2 Ellis 1 Fort Bend 7 Frio 1 Gray 1 Galveston 2 Grayson 1 Greg 1 Hamilton 1 Harris 35 Jefferson 1 Lubbock 1 Matagorda 1 Medina 1 Midland 1 Palo Pinto 1 Randall 1 Tarrant 14 Travis 3 Val Verde 1 Walker 1 Williamson 3 Wise 1 Total 130

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Pennsylvania Blood Tests Submitted for Zika TestingInformation updated Mondays at 2 p.m. Confirmed Infections: 95 Pending Test Results: 45 Last update: 08/29/2016 http://www.health.pa.gov/My Health/Diseases and Conditions/U-Z/Zikavirus/Pages/ZikaVirusHomePage.aspx#.V8R1JpgrJgJ